Blog

  • David Reitzes Meets Michael Shermer: Send In the Clowns


    Apparently, Dave Reitzes has an uncontrollable urge to make a fool out of himself. During those distant, far off years when he did not buy the Warren Commission fairy tale, he was in the Barr McClellan/Craig Zirbel camp i.e. Lyndon Johnson killed President Kennedy. When he inexplicably switched sides, he then became allied with John McAdams and began writing on a variety of subjects, including Jack Ruby. But he began to concentrate on the New Orleans scene and became McAdams’ water carrier on Jim Garrison. The problem was, he was about as good in this area as he was when he was backing his LBJ Texas conspiracy theorem. Which means, he was not very convincing, because the quality of his scholarship and insights is quite shoddy.

    But that did not matter to John McAdams. Because the professor isn’t really interested in scholarship or accuracy. Therefore, Reitzes fit the bill. One of the silliest and stupidest projects that the Dynamic Duo worked on was something called “One Hundred Errors of Fact and Judgment in Oliver Stone’s JFK.” What clearly happened here was that McAdams and his gang (which included Tracy Parnell at the time) were upset at the web site exposing one hundred errors of fact in Gerald Posner’s pitiful book Case Closed. A book they championed even before it came out. So they decided to put together a web site to counter this humiliation. The problem was two fold. In the Posner instance, the authors collaborated with experts in each area of the JFK field and therefore the exposed errors are actually accurate. On the Reitzes creation there is no evidence that the author consulted professionally with anyone. Secondly, Posner was writing a non-fiction book. Oliver Stone and Zachary Sklar were writing a dramatic film. In the latter, one is allowed the use of dramatic license. One is not in the former. Yet Posner’s book looks so bad today that it does look like he used dramatic license in the volume. (http://www.assassinationweb.com/audio1.htm.) Which is not what non-fiction writers are allowed to do. But which the Warren Report did all the time.

    Stung by the exposure of a book they valued, McAdams and Reitzes decided to put together this moronic JFK web site. But even though they were working with a film that was allowed to use dramatic license, they had a difficult time getting up even close to a hundred. So they padded out their list with filler, the way a mover does by stuffing popcorn while boxing items. For instance, Reitzes tries to say that Guy Banister actually beat up Jack Martin over long distance phone calls, which is what the perpetrators told the police. And this is why Banister beat Martin so badly that Martin thought he was going to kill him? And this is why Delphine Roberts, Banister’s personal secretary, had to intervene in order to save Martin’s life? (HSCA, Volume X, p. 130) I don’t think so Dave. In an ARRB declassified interview done by the HSCA, Roberts said that she thought Martin was trying to get at Guy Banister’s file on Oswald. Since it was the day of the assassination, this is why Banister erupted. (HSCA interview of Roberts by Bob Buras, 8/27/78) This makes perfect sense in light of what Martin said to Banister when he accosted him: “What are you going to do, kill me like you all did Kennedy?” (op cit HSCA Volume X) Did Reitzes think that those involved were really going to tell the cops, “Well, see, we helped set up Oswald and this guy got a little too curious about seeing what we had on him while he was serving as an agent provocateur for us about the FPCC. But please don’t tell anyone officer!” In the light of the ARRB, Stone and Sklar were being kind of conservative.

    Or take another instance of Reitzian scholarship and logic: David Ferrie’s interviews with Jim Garrison and the FBI on the weekend of the assassination. Garrison was suspicious of Ferrie since he took a trip to Texas on the day of the assassination and said he was going to go ice-skating and goose hunting. He did neither. Further he drove to Houston and Galveston to do neither one of those things through a driving rainstorm. Wouldn’t this sound just a wee bit odd to anyone interested in inquiring into the Kennedy assassination?

    How does Reitzes find a way around this? He quotes Ferrie who said to the FBI that he was interested in buying a rink for himself and that he laced up skates and skated there. Reitzes leaves out the fact that the owner of the rink said that Ferrie did not skate. He stayed beside a pay phone from which he made and received calls. (William Davy, Let Justice Be Done, p. 46). Apparently, to Reitzes, it was no big deal that Ferrie and his friends went to Texas to go goose hunting and didn’t bring any shotguns. Happens all the time right?

    But, as noted above, it’s even worse than that. Reitzes does not include two other very relevant facts we know about today. First, Ferrie was deathly afraid of anyone connecting him to Oswald in the immediate aftermath of Kennedy’s murder. Ferrie called a former Civil Air Patrol member to see if he retained any photographs showing himself with Oswald in the CAP. (James DiEugenio, Destiny Betrayed, pgs. 81-82) He then approached a neighbor of Oswald’s who had seen Oswald at the library. Ferrie wanted to know if he recalled Oswald using Ferrie’s library card at the time. He then went to see Oswald’s landlady to check if Oswald had left Ferrie’s card behind. (ibid) As William Davy points out, that particular visit occurred before Ferrie left for Texas.

    The second point Reitzes does not include is this: in the FBI interview that he utilizes, Ferrie lied his head off. For instance, he said he never owned a telescopic rifle, or even used one. But further, he would not know how to use one. This from a man who the CIA used to train Cuban exiles for the Bay of Pigs and Operation Mongoose. (James DiEugenio, Destiny Betrayed, p. 177) He lied further by saying that he did not know Oswald and Oswald was not a member of his New Orleans CAP squadron. (ibid) This from a guy who is now going to be obsessed with eliminating any pictures depicting himself with Oswald in the CAP! As former prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi would say, this kind of behavior – lying and covering up – denotes “consciousness of guilt.” The fact that Reitzes surgically removed this evidence shows that the Bugliosian term also applies to him.

    Again, all this shows that, in light of today’s declassified files, the film JFK is actually conservative in its depiction of this incident. But the whole phony “hundred” list Reitzes has assembled is like this, in each and every regard: you can slice it and dice it with the new files. That is in relation to what Reitzes writes on the Paines, Jack Ruby, Clay Shaw, Kennedy and Vietnam, and even in regards to Lyndon Johnson. He is that bad. For example, it’s incredible in light of what we know today, but Reitzes tries to imply that Johnson really did not want to go to war in Vietnam. Well Dave, can you answer this question: How did the USA eventually commit 535, 000 combat troops over there? Did someone forge Johnson’s signature on all of those orders?

    The newly declassified record – something which Reitzes avoids with the rigor of a vampire avoiding sunlight-reveals that not only did Johnson knowingly reverse Kennedy’s policies in Vietnam, but that he then tried to cover up this fact afterwards. In other words, he tried to feign that he was not really doing so. (Transcripts of phone calls between Johnson and Robert McNamara of February 20 and March 2, 1964 contained in the book Virtual JFK by James Blight.) But beyond that, Johnson completely reversed Kennedy’s overall policy in Vietnam after he took office. Kennedy’s withdrawal memorandum was replaced by NSAM 288, which now drew up battle plans for a land war in Vietnam. In other words, something that Kennedy would not countenance in three years, Johnson had now done in three months. (Gordon Goldstein, Lessons in Disaster, p. 108) The reader is somehow supposed to think that Reitzes missed all this? If so what does this say about his scholarship? If he did not miss all this, then what does this say about his honesty? Either way, Reitzes is simply not credible.

    II

    But like John McAdams, Michael Shermer did not care about that fact. Michael Shermer has been exposed on this web site by the insightful work of Frank Cassano. (Click here and here.) As Cassano so aptly divined upon seeing him for the first time, Shermer’s ultimate goals were twofold. First, he was going to do all he could to make those who bought into any kind of conspiracy theories looks silly. Second, he was especially interested in rendering the Kennedy assassination null and void. In fact, the film he made for CBC, Conspiracy Rising, is a little bit scary. When it showed on German television, Brigitte Wilcke wrote a letter to the TV station protesting against such venomous and divisive propaganda being shown on the airwaves.

    Therefore, with the help of Cassano and Wilcke, it was easy to predict that Shermer would have something ready to go for the 50th anniversary of Kennedy’s assassination. What was not so easy to see is that he would allow someone as shoddy and clownish as Reitzes to write the cover story for his magazine Skeptic.

    And with that title-Fifty Years of Conspiracy Theories – both Reitzes and Shermer reveal that they are in full blown, pedal to the metal, diversionary mode. For there have not been 50 years of conspiracy theories in America on the JFK case. The first critics of the official story e.g. Mark Lane in The Guardian and Vince Salandria in Liberation, did not suggest any kind of alternative theory to the assassination of President Kennedy. What they were doing was questioning the circumstances of the crime itself and the rather baffling methods used by the Warren Commission to explain those circumstances away. And, in fact, that is what all the early critics of the case did: they pointed out the gaping holes in the work of the Commission. This includes not just Lane and Salandria, but also Harold Weisberg, Sylvia Meagher, Edward Epstein and Josiah Thompson. In none of those works is there any kind of alternative theory set forth to any serious degree. What these people did, very effectively, was to expose the incredible lacuna that the Warren Report tried to put forward as an airtight case. And the more people who read their work, the more people agreed with them: the Warren Report was an absurd fairy tale.

    But it was not just the public at large who did not buy this fairy tale. It was people in power, in both Washington and Texas. As David Talbot and Robert Kennedy Jr. have both revealed, Bobby Kennedy, who was Attorney General at the time, did not buy the Warren Commission. As author Joe McBride reveals in Into the Nightmare, Governor John Connally did not buy the absurd conclusions of the Commission either. In 1982, he told journalist Doug Thompson that he thought the Warren Report was complete bunk. When Thompson asked Connally if he thought Oswald killed Kennedy, the former governor replied, “Absolutely not. I do not for one second believe the conclusions of the Warren Commission.” (McBride, p. 418) The new president, Lyndon Johnson, in a phone call, said he did not buy the single bullet theory. The person he was talking to did not buy it either. And that person is quite significant to the matter at hand.

    Because the person on the line was Senator Richard Russell, and he served on the Warren Commission. (Gerald McKnight, Breach of Trust, pgs. 283-84) This is a point that neither Shermer not Reitzes will touch. Namely that its not just people who write about the assassination, or parts of the public, who do not buy the Warren Report. Its people who were actual victims that day, and people who worked on the report, who also thought it was hokum. And, of course, Reitzes and Shermer will not tell the public that the Commission was so divided on this issue, the Magic Bullet, that the men actually in charge of the Commission, i.e, the Troika of John McCloy, Allen Dulles and Gerald Ford, tricked the Southern Wing i.e. Russell and Congressman Wade Boggs, and Senator John Sherman Cooper, into signing onto the document. (McKnight, Chapter 11) This bit of internal subterfuge was not exposed until years later. But after it was, Russell now went public with his objections. He was soon joined by Boggs and Cooper.

    Further, it was later revealed that Russell so distrusted what the Commission was doing that he secretly helmed his own private inquiry into the Kennedy assassination . He looked askance at witnesses like Marina Oswald, as did people on his personal staff and the staff of the Commission. But further, he also questioned things like the accuracy of the rifle, if it could perform as the authorities said it did. He was also worried by the number of reported sightings of Oswald impersonators, and how easily that Oswald was allowed to leave the USSR with his Russian wife. Finally, Russell’s private inquiry also showed that Oswald was associated with some anti-Castro Cubans. And he was puzzled by what Oswald’s actual role with them was. (Dick Russell, On the Trail of the JFK Assassins, pgs. 126-27) So here you have a member of the Warren Commission who is essentially discovering way back in 1964, many of the things about Oswald that the rest of the Commission will cover up in it report. But the Troika within the Commission was so intent on the report appearing to be a unanimous decision, that they would tell Russell that his objections were being recorded, when in fact, they were not. Somehow, Reitzes and Shermer did not think that was important. Maybe because it would reveal that the Commission itself was conspiring against one of its own members?

    Another point about the Warren Commission that Reitzes and Shermer completely ignore is one of the most publicized scandals that the Assassination Records Review Board disclosed. Namely that Commissioner Gerald Ford changed the draft of the Warren Report by altering the position of the back wound up into Kennedy’s neck. These kinds of things do not happen in the real world of medical forensics. At the last moment the supervising doctor in his office does not change the location of the entrance wound from the back into the neck of the victim. Ford did not examine the body. But if one reads the declassified records of the Commission, the Commission itself knew this wound was in the back. (McKnight, pgs. 190-92) But Ford understood that the public would have a hard time understanding how a shot fired downward from six stories up could enter Kennedy’s back and then exit his neck. So he simply crossed out the word “back”, and changed it to “neck”. In other words, Ford lied. Just as he, Dulles and McCloy lied to Russell when they told him that his objections would be recorded.

    Let us take one more instance that Shermer and Reitzes ignore about the character and morals of the Warren Commission. On the 20th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination, David Belin appeared with Anthony Summers on Nightline. He said that the Warren Commission had seen every CIA document on Lee Harvey Oswald. If Belin was telling the truth, then this leaves us a host of problems about the Warren Report. Especially since the CIA is still withholding thousands of pages of documents today, over a decade after the ARRB closed down. For if Belin did see every single document the CIA had on Oswald, then why is the Warren Report silent on this very interesting and relevant information? For instance, why does the Warren Report not explain the incredible oddity of Oswald defecting to the USSR in 1959, yet the CIA not opening up a 201 file on him until over a year later? A 201 file is a very common file opened on any person of interest to the Agency. If a former Marine defects from the USA to the USSR at the height of the Cold War and threatens to give up radar secrets to the Russians, would he not be a person of interest? Yet, the reader will not see this curious fact noted in the Warren Report. Did Belin not think this was important? If Belin saw every document on Oswald, then why did he not tell us that there were no photos taken of the man in Mexico City, even though the CIA had ten opportunities to do so. Either Belin had a bizarre sense of what was important to know about Oswald, or he was lying. And neither Shermer nor Reitzes thinks this is important to acknowledge to the public.

    III

    To return to the title of the cover story, the first real alternative theory to the Kennedy assassination was constructed by New Orleans DA Jim Garrison. But it wasn’t a theory. Garrison had uncovered many facts about Oswald’s activities in the New Orleans area that the Commission and the FBI had endeavored to cover up. For the simple matter that if these had been revealed to the public, there would have been myriad questions about who Oswald really was. There would have been so many that the image of Oswald as the disaffected communist would have been brought into serious question. But Reitzes cannot mention all this since he has spent many years being in denial of it. After all, this is what he means to McAdams. (For more evidence of just how bad Reitzes is on New Orleans and Jim Garrison, click here)

    So when looked at historically, Garrison’s inquiry is really the beginning of the construction of the true facts about the Kennedy assassination. Because many authors have used his discoveries in their own books to show what Oswald was really doing in the summer of 1963 in New Orleans. In fact, even the compromised HSCA used Garrison’s discoveries. As time has gone on, this effort has mushroomed in many other fields. Until today, it is actually possible to approximate what really did happen in the Kennedy case. In other words, if the gaseous Michael Shermer really wanted his magazine to live up to its title, he would have commissioned an article to show how initial skepticism about the Commission, plus the discoveries of the ARRB, have finally led some dedicated people to be able to demonstrate with facts just what the Commission was covering up. And if private citizens can do this now, imagine what the FBI could have done if J. Edgar Hoover was really interested in finding out who killed Kennedy. But as with the episode of Ferrie lying in his FBI report, Hoover was not so inclined. If he had been really interested in who killed Kennedy, he would not have been at the racetrack on the day after his murder. But the numerous episodes of the FBI covering up the case is not what Shermer hired Reitzes to do. Shermer knows that there is a small stable of internet denizens that those interested in concealing the facts of the JFK case can call upon from time to time. The (falsely named) Anton Batey knew it also. So he went to this stable when he wanted to arrange a debate on the subject. These men – Dale Myers, Gus Russo, David Von Pein, McAdams, Reitzes and Gary Mack – all know each other and communicate with each other. Like Reitzes, Myers, Russo and Mack are all flip-floppers. And like Reitzes, they have never bothered to explain why they did the pirouette.

    But there is little doubt that in those three cases, there was much more to be had in a pecuniary sense by following the new path. To use one example, after reversing field, Dale Myers was paid by PBS, by ABC and finally Vince Bugliosi to do (execrable) work for them. And in the JFK case, the MSM is just about the only place where one can get paid any serious money. Give them what they want, you cash a nice check. So when Myers got on ABC TV in 2003, and through some hocus pocus, GIGO computer crap pronounced that the flight of CE 399 was not a theory anymore, but a fact, he got a sizeable stipend. And it didn’t bother him that what he said was utter hogwash. He knew where the ABC program was headed. After all, another member of his stable, Gus Russo, was the lead consultant on the show. Therefore, Myers knew he had some considerable CYA protection built in. So no one was going to ask him questions about the provenance of CE 399, or its eventual evidentiary trail. If they had, they would have proved that not only did CE 399 not do what Myers said it did; it was not even fired in Dealey Plaza that day. (Click here.)

    But it’s not really fair to single out Myers. Because Russo and Mack have done the same. Russo had been trying to sell a TV special on the Kennedy case for years. At one time he was even trying to cooperate with Ed Tatro about doing a special outlining a Texas/Lyndon Johnson cabal. (Click here for Russo’s long travail) In 1993, he finally found his holy grail with PBS and the late Frontline producer Mike Sullivan. Russo gave Sullivan what he wanted: an Oswald did it scenario. Russo then went on to work with CIA asset Sy Hersh on his hatchet job of a book, The Dark Side of Camelot. When that was sold as TV special, Russo now had an in with Jennings. So Jennings, who wanted to do a cover up piece in 2003, gave Russo the consultant spot on his show. What Russo did here was really kind of incredible. He actually presented people who had huge liabilities as witnesses – Priscilla Johnson, Hugh Aynesworth, Ed Butler – and presented them as if they were as clean as driven snow. In other words, they were allowed to speak unchallenged to the public with no questions asked or even presented about their backgrounds. In other words, Russo was rehabilitating clear intelligence assets.

    I have already talked about the reversal of Gary Mack relatively recently and at length. As with the others, that reversal turned out to be quite lucrative for Mr. Dunkel. (Click here.) I bring all this up to show that this could be the opening curtain for Mr. Reitzes. He might now join the others as the MSM’s new performing seal. After all, his friend John McAdams cooperated with PBS on their upcoming Nova show “Cold Case JFK.” The paradigm is pretty clear is it not?

    IV

    There is no doubt that Reitzes came through for Shermer, who instead of being skeptical, is all too eager to be gulled by the Commission’s cover up. Like many others, near the beginning of his essay Reitzes states that the Warren Commission confirmed about Oswald what the Dallas Police and FBI had concluded previously. Which is a rather nonsensical statement. For in the legal sphere you cannot have any conclusions if your case is not tested. And, as Reitzes shrewdly leaves out, the Dallas Police under DA Henry Wade and Detective Will Fritz had an abominable record of manufacturing evidence and framing people. For example, when FBI agent Vincent Drain picked up the rifle to bring to Washington, there were no traces of any prints on it reported to him. In Washington, FBI print authority Sebastian LaTona detected no indications of any prints of value. But, mirabile dictu, once the rifle was returned to Dallas, Oswald’s prints were found on it. A little fishy perhaps? Especially considering that 29 people have now been exonerated in light of latter-day reviews of Dallas Police cases.

    Concerning the so-called FBI verdict, again its what Reitzes leaves out that is the main point. The FBI officially took over the case after Oswald was dead. Therefore, there were no rules of evidence in play. Even considering that key fact, the FBI report was so bad that the Warren Commission did not even include it in their 26 volumes of evidence. But further, as many commentators have demonstrated, J. Edgar Hoover never endorsed the Magic Bullet. In other words, whereas the Commission stood by the Single Bullet Fantasy, Hoover did not. Hoover had three bullets hitting Kennedy and Connally in the limousine. The Commission had one bullet missing the car completely. Somehow, Reitzes does not think the elucidation of that point is important for his readers. Even though, the Commission itself said that to deny the Magic Bullet, is to admit to two assassins.

    Reitzes then goes on to quote former Washington Post reporter Jefferson Morley:

    The choices we make to accept the credibility of the Warren Commission … or to believe eyewitnesses who heard gunshots coming from the grassy knoll, and so decide more people were involved-are shaped, consciously or unconsciously, by our premises about the U.S. government and the way power is exercised in America.

    Does this mean that the aforementioned John Connally-who thought the Warren Report was bunk – was an unconscious revolutionary? No, it just means that Morley is wrong. There are many people of all political beliefs who think the Commission was simply full of it on the evidence. To use another example, when Jim Garrison began his investigation, he was not at all an extremist. He was a law and order moderate who was anti-ACLU and for the Cold War. (DiEugenio, p. 173) But he was an experienced criminal lawyer who understood how to prosecute cases in court. And it was solely on his examination of the Warren Commission’s ersatz evidence that he began to doubt Oswald’s guilt.

    Reitzes now goes to the ear witness testimony in Dealey Plaza. He presents a chart by, of all people, Joel Grant, to indicate that the vast majority of witnesses heard three shots. The use of Grant, an inveterate Warren Commission defender, shows a real problem with the essay: Its reliance, not so much on evidence, but the uses of evidence by Commission zealots like Grant, Vince Bugliosi and Dale Myers. To illustrate what I mean by this: one of the huge shortcomings of the Warren Commission inquiry was its failure to find and interview all the witnesses in Dealey Plaza. In fact, researchers are still enumerating these witnesses today. There simply was no such thing done by the Bureau. Further, Pat Speer has done some extensive work in this field. Speer has noted that there was not even a rigorous effort by the FBI to ask all the employees of the Depository how many bullet sounds there were and where they came from. (E-mail communication with author by Speer of 9/29/13) Therefore, considering the approach the FBI did take to this case, to simply rely on the witnesses the FBI produced for the Commission on this point is both inconclusive and woefully incomplete. But secondly, it rules out a very distinct probability. Assuming there was professional hit team in Dealey Plaza that day, they very likely would have decided in advance to have at least one man use a silenced rifle in order to confuse directionality. And CIA associated weapons technicians like George Nonte and Mitch Werbell were very familiar with these types of weapons. (See footnote to section on Werbell in Jim Hougan’s Spooks, p. 36)

    But beyond that, in the historical sense, the doubts about the Commission did not begin with the ear witness testimony in Dealey Plaza. The real problems were posed by the murder of Oswald on live television while he was literally in the arms of the Dallas Police. This sent the rather subliminal message that whoever killed Kennedy did not want Oswald to talk. After this, the earliest articles on the JFK case – with one notable exception – did not focus on ear witness testimony. The one exception being an article in Minority of One by Harold Feldman entitled “51 Witnesses: The Grassy Knoll“. On his ridiculous JFK site Reitzes tries to discredit this piece. He cannot. Feldman did a good job of culling witness statements to show that either they heard sounds from the railroad yards, or the knoll, or they instinctively ran in that direction. And he does produce 51 witnesses to that effect. Some of these people were Secret Service agents, sheriff’s deputies, or policemen. This testimony is collaborated by films produced by Bob Groden. The mass of spectators runs in that direction also. But even beyond that, the best evidence of the sound of bullets in Dealey Plaza would be the acoustical tape of sound waves. This issue is hotly debated, but if one accepts the early HSCA analysis, it surely seems to indicate to many shots for the Warren Commission.

    Reitzes now goes to the testimony of the doctors at Parkland Hospital. Since these doctors and nurses said that there was a large avulsive wound in the rear of Kennedy’s skull, and that the wound in his neck was one of entrance, Reitzes has to say, well, these emergency room people often make mistakes. Which is more nonsense. What the author fails to mention is that the HSCA tried to say this also. It later turned out that the HSCA lied on this point. For the declassified ARRB files revealed that about 20 witnesses at Bethesda agreed with the Parkland witnesses: they also saw this large avulsive wound in the rear of Kennedy’s skull. So what is Reitzes saying? That forty people in two different places were all wrong ? (For proof of this, see the chart in Murder in Dealey Plaza by Gary Aguilar on page 199.) The presence of that wound in the back of Kennedy’s skull strongly suggests a shot from the front blasting out the rear. Further, and another key point about the cover up that Reitzes is careful to leave out, the Secret Service attached itself to surgeon Malcolm Perry and told him to be quiet about the neck entrance wound. (Murder in Dealey Plaza, p. 115)

    Reitzes then shifts to the photographic evidence. After rather silly and pointless discussions of the three tramps and the Umbrella Man, he then segues into a discussion of the Zapruder film. His review of this is as antique and cliché-ridden as his review of the previous points. He tries to say that the very fast backward movement of Kennedy’s body to his left – consistent with a shot from behind the picket fence atop the grassy knoll – was actually caused by a “neuromuscular reaction”. Yawn. He fails to point out that this solution to this disturbing reaction originated with the Rockefeller Commission. And if you do that, then you can avoid mentioning who ran that Commission. It was created by Gerald Ford and the chief counsel was David Belin. ‘Nuff said. He then brings up the very slight forward motion, for perhaps a frame or two, that precedes this. This shows that Reitzes is not aware of the latest work on this point. The man who first surfaced this issue in a big way was Josiah Thompson in his influential book Six Seconds in Dallas. Thompson has now reversed himself on this point. He now says that this forward lean is illusory in that it is caused by a smear on the film. If that is so, then there is one motion – straight back – and the game is over. But further, Thompson will present further evidence this fall of a shot after Z 313, the fatal impact headshot.

    Incredibly, but logically for him, Reitzes avoids the issue of the previously missing frames. These are frames 208-211. Robert Groden found these missing frames from the Secret Service copy of the film. In his restored version, its obvious that Kennedy was hit before he disappeared behind the Stemmons Freeway sign. Which the Commission said could not happen since the line of sight from the sixth floor “sniper’s nest” window was obscured by the branches of an oak tree at that time. (WR p. 98) The point that he was hit before 210 was reinforced by the testimony of photographer Phil Willis. He said he took his first photo at the time of the first shot. Which he said was before Kennedy disappeared behind the sign. In the film you can see Willis raise his camera to his eye around frames 183-199. He then lowers it at frame 204. Since Kennedy disappears behind the sign at 210, he was hit before then. (Probe Vol. 5 No. 6, p. 4) Whether one thinks the film has been tampered with or not, it proves conspiracy in any state. Only when one avoids the key issues, as Shermer had Reitzes do here, can one avoid that conclusion.

    Reitzes then tries to say that the HSCA “authenticated” the autopsy photos and x rays. Again, this shows an antiquated and rather constricted view of the state of the evidence today. With an optical densitometer, David Mantik has scientifically proven that the x-rays in the National Archives have been touched up. (Assassination Science, pgs. 153-161) Autopsy photographer John Stringer denied to the ARRB he took the extant photos of Kennedy’s brain. (Doug Horne, Inside the ARRB, pgs. 807-09) Further, undeniably, there are certain shots taken of Kennedy’s body that do not exist today. (Ibid, pgs. 146-213) Also, in the sixties, when Dr. Humes and Stringer signed an affidavit saying the photographic collection was intact, they knew they were lying. (ibid, but especially 206-13.) Further, although the HSCA said they had a verified comparison with the autopsy photos to certify the photos were authentic, this turned out not to be true either. See, the HSCA tried to say that even though they could not find the original camera and lens; they therefore issued a qualified judgment about the photos. It turns out that the ARRB pieced together a different story. It now appears that the HSCA did find the camera. But the HSCA experts said it could not have been the one used to take the autopsy photos. It was suspected that the lens had been changed since. (The Assassinations, edited by James DiEugenio and Lisa Pease, p. 279) Therefore, what Reitzes comes up with in regards to the autopsy authentication issues is simply a bunch of hot air.

    Near the end, Reitzes joins forces with Gus Russo and Dale Myers by saying, hey there really was no dispute between the CIA and President John F. Kennedy. So what is all this suspicion about the CIA based upon? For Reitzian silliness this takes the cake.

    Maybe Dave forgot that President Kennedy thought that the CIA deceived him about the Bay of Pigs invasion? Maybe he also forgot that Kennedy commissioned his own internal inquiry into that disaster. And that after he read both Lyman Kirkpatrick’s CIA Inspector General report and his own report by Max Taylor, he decided to fire the top level of the Agency: Allen Dulles, Dick Bissell, and Charles Cabell. And that before he did so two things happened. First, with the help of Howard Hunt, Dulles planted a story in Fortune magazine saying that it was Kennedy who was to blame for the debacle. Second, Kennedy called in Robert Lovett, who was a friend of his father’s. Lovett told him that he and David Bruce had tried to get Eisenhower to fire Dulles several times. They even wrote a long report on this to Ike. They could not do this since John Foster Dulles, Allen’s brother, was Secretary of State and provided cover for what Allen had done to the CIA. So Lovett recommended that Kennedy do so now. He did. (See, DiEugenio, Chapter 3.)

    Reitzes also leaves out the fact that both Bissell and Dulles later on admitted that they had tricked Kennedy into going forward with the operation. And that they knew it had almost no chance for success. But they thought Kennedy would change his mind about committing American forces when he saw if failing. He did not. Dulles later ended up being quite bitter about the whole process of his discharge. He said, “That Kennedy, he thought he was a god.” (ibid) Needless to say, when Dulles and Hunt switched the blame for the disaster to Kennedy in public, this was used to fire up the Cuban exiles against JFK. In fact, Kennedy so distrusted the CIA after this, that he installed Robert Kennedy as a sort of ombudsman over CIA operations. Something that Cold Warriors like Bill Harvey greatly resented. Which is why RFK dismissed him. (David Talbot, Brothers, pgs. 169-170) Again, all this is left out by Reitzes. I won’t even go into his fruity discussion of Vietnam. Except to say, that again, Reitzes leaves out the declassified documents of the ARRB on this issue. These were released way back in December of 1997. They even convinced the MSM, like the New York Times, that Kennedy had a plan to withdraw from Vietnam. And there is no mention in those documents of this plan being contingent on winning the war. (Probe, Vol. 5 No. 3, pgs. 18-20) Again, if the author missed these, he is a poor researcher. If he is aware of them and did not tell the reader he is practicing censorship.

    In sum, this is a worthless piece of work by a man who was not a good writer or researcher while in the anti-Warren Commission camp. He has now turned into an even worse writer and researcher now that he is in the Krazy Kid Oswald camp. Because while he was the former he just exhibited poor judgment and command of the facts. But Shermer’s agenda is this: if one labels someone a “conspiracy theorist” then it automatically follows that whatever they say is improperly sourced and has no factual value. Yet, as the reader can see, the truth is quite the opposite. Its people like Shermer and Reitzes who are factually challenged, in both the quality of their information and the completeness of their presentation. Which means they are in a state of denial.

    Shermer wanted Dave to snap on his red nose, whiten his face, and put fake freckles on to entertain the masses in his circus. To his everlasting shame, Reitzes did so. He then cashed his check. Probably in hopes of further gigs.

  • The mystery of CE163

    The mystery of CE163


    Introduction

    This November the 22nd will mark the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy’s assassination in Dallas, Texas. From the day the Warren Commission released its report and its 26 volumes of testimony and evidence, its critics have been vehemently arguing that Lee Harvey Oswald was not the President’s assassin, that more than one shooter was involved, that the CIA/KGB/Lyndon Johnson/Anti-Castro Cubans/the Mafia were responsible, amongst other pertinent issues. However, one issue which has not been carefully scrutinised is the allegation that on the morning of the assassination, Oswald went to the TSBD wearing a dark gray blue zipper jacket, designated as Warren Commission exhibit 163.

    (click photos to expand)

    Photo_naraevid_CE163-1.jpg Photo_naraevid_CE163-2.jpg Photo_naraevid_CE163-3.jpg
     
    CE 163

    The jacket was allegedly discovered on the first floor of the TSBD inside the Domino room by an employee named Franklin (Frankie) Kaiser. During her interview with the FBI on 4/1/64, Marina Oswald claimed that her husband owned two jackets “one a heavy jacket, blue in color, and another light jacket, gray in color.”[1] Page 175 of the Warren report contains the following information:

    “Marina Oswald stated that her husband owned only two jackets, one blue and the other gray. The blue jacket was found in the Texas School Book Depository and was identified by Marina Oswald as her husband’s.” [2]

    Oswald at 1026 North Beckley

     According to the Warren Commission’s mythology, after allegedly assassinating the President in cold blood, Oswald returned to his rooming house at 1026 North Beckley in the Oak Cliff district of Dallas, without the jacket he had allegedly left behind at the TSBD. He then supposedly left his rooming house wearing a light gray zipper jacket. Earlene Roberts, the house keeper at 1026 North Beckley, testified before the Warren Commission that she saw Oswald enter the rooming house “in his shirt sleeves”. She further testified that Oswald left the rooming house after maybe about three to four minutes wearing a “kind of zipper jacket” [3]. Roberts was quoted by various sources as giving different descriptions of the jacket Oswald was wearing as he made his way out. For example, she was quoted as describing the jacket as “a short white coat”, “a gray zipper jacket”, and “a tan coat” [4].

    Whilst the quoted descriptions undoubtedly varied, it doesn’t necessarily impact adversely on her credibility; as Roberts could simply have been misquoted. What’s significant is the fact that in her affidavit to the Warren Commission on 12/5/63, Roberts described the jacket as being “dark color” [5]. The jacket which Oswald allegedly discarded at the parking lot behind the Texaco Service station, after he purportedly shot and killed Dallas Policeman J.D Tippit, was a light gray jacket (Ce162) [6]. Therefore, Roberts’ description is much more consistent with the appearance of the dark gray blue zipper jacket.

    (click photos to expand)

    Photo_naraevid_CE162-1.jpg Photo_naraevid_CE162-2.jpg Photo_naraevid_CE162-3.jpg Photo_naraevid_CE162-4.jpg

    Furthermore, when Roberts was shown the light gray jacket during her testimony, she testified as follows:

    Mr. Ball
    I’ll show you this jacket which is Commission

    Mrs. Roberts
    Well, maybe I have, but I don’t remember it. It seems like the one he put on was darker than that.
    Now, I won’t be sure, because I really don’t know, but is that a zipper jacket?

    Mr. Ball
    Yes—it has a zipper down the front.

    Mrs. Roberts
    Well, maybe it was.

    Mr. Ball
    It was a zippered jacket, was it?

    Mrs. Roberts
    Yes; it was a zipper jacket. How come me to remember it, he was zipping it up as he went out the door.

    As we can see, Roberts testified that she thought the jacket Oswald left with was darker than Ce162. Whilst the zealous defenders of the Warren Commission will argue that Roberts is not credible because she allegedly provided varying descriptions of the jacket (as stated above), they will ignore that she could simply have been misquoted. The important point to bear in mind is that it was during her testimony when she was actually shown the light gray jacket; and that in her affidavit made out in her own writing, she described the jacket she saw Oswald wearing as being a dark color.

    Defenders of the Warren Commission might also argue that since Roberts testified she was completely blind in her right eye, she could easily have been mistaken about the color of the jacket. However, this would only be true if she was color blind in her left eye; and Roberts never mentioned during her testimony that this was the case. Of course, Roberts could simply have been mistaken about the jacket being dark. For example, Barbara Davis, who witnessed the Tippit killer cutting across her lawn, claimed during her testimony before the Warren Commission that the jacket the killer was wearing appeared to be a “dark and to me it looked like it was maybe a wool fabric, it looked sort of rough. Like more of a sporting jacket” [7]. In fact, she went as far as implying that the killer was wearing a black coat!

    There is one pertinent issue concerning Earlene Roberts’ credibility which I should point out. During her interview with the FBI on 11/29/63 [8], Roberts claimed she observed a Dallas Police patrol car outside Oswald’s rooming house, after she heard one of the Officers inside the car honk the horn twice. She identified the number of the car as 207. This car was assigned to Dallas Policeman Jim Valentine, and took Sergeant Gerald Hill (by his own admission) to Dealey Plaza [9]. Warren Commission defenders have criticised Roberts for changing the number of the car from 207 to 107 during her testimony. However, what these dishonest shills don’t explain is that Gerald Hill demonstrably lied about how he travelled to the scene of the Tippit shooting in Oak cliff.

    It is therefore entirely likely that Hill had commandeered Valentine’s patrol car and driven to Oak Cliff. It is beyond the scope of this essay to discuss Gerald Hill’s complicity in the assassination and framing Oswald; but I encourage readers to read through my two part article on Hill on my blog (click here), and to also read through the discussion I had with researcher Richard Gilbride on Greg Parker’s forum (click here) and to decide for themselves whether Hill was lying or not. Suffice it to say, Roberts’ account of the Police car honking outside Oswald’s rooming house implied that the DPD Officers inside the car were giving him some type of signal; and that they were possibly involved in a conspiracy to murder J.D Tippit with him.

    In my opinion, no objective minded person would disagree that there wasn’t a massive effort by the DPD to discredit Roberts’ claim about seeing Patrol car 207. As Richard Gilbride has informed me, at the time of the assassination, Patrol car 107 was out of service, as it was sold in April 1963 but then reactivated in February 1964 [10]. Therefore, by harassing Roberts into changing the number of the car from 207 to 107, the DPD would have succeeded in discrediting her, as she now claimed she saw an out of service Patrol car outside Oswald’s rooming house.

    Despite what one might think about Earlene Roberts’ credibility, there can be no doubt that her description of the jacket being darker than Ce162 was highly problematic for the official version of events. If Oswald was indeed a tenant at 1026 North Beckley, then he could have left wearing the dark gray blue jacket to the Texas Theatre. If the jacket had been discovered there following Oswald’s arrest, it could then have been substituted for the jacket which actually was discovered at the TSBD; to discredit Roberts’ claim of seeing Oswald leaving with the darker jacket. But before discussing the problems with the discovery of the jacket at the TSBD, let’s first take a look at the observations of the only two witnesses who allegedly observed Oswald carrying a package on the morning of the assassination.

    Linnie and Wesley

    I am of course referring to Linnie Mae Randle, and her brother, Buell Wesley Frazier. As most researchers of the assassination are aware, Frazier drove Oswald to work on the morning of the assassination. In his 12/5/63 interview with the FBI, Frazier allegedly claimed that Oswald was wearing a gray colored jacket on the morning of the assassination [11]. When Randle was interviewed by the FBI on the same day, she also allegedly claimed that Oswald was wearing a gray colored jacket on the morning of the assassination [12] (Essie Mae Williams, the mother of Frazier and Randle, was also interviewed by the FBI, but she had merely caught a glimpse of Oswald, and did not provide a description of the clothing he was wearing [13]).

    It’s crucial to keep in mind that in their first day affidavits to the Dallas Sheriff’s Office; neither one of them mentioned that Oswald was wearing a jacket. In her affidavit, Randle claimed that Oswald was “wearing a light brown or tan shirt”  [14], whereas Frazier provided no description of Oswald’s clothing [15]. When Randle testified before the Warren Commission, she was shown Ce163 and identified it as the jacket Oswald was wearing on the morning of the assassination [16].

    Mr. Ball
    How was Lee dressed that morning?

    Mrs. Randle
    He had on a white T-shirt, I just saw him from the waist up, I didn’t pay any attention to his pants or anything, when he was going with the package. I was more interested in that. But he had on a white T-shirt and I remember some sort of brown or tan shirt and he had a gray jacket, I believe.

    Mr. Ball
    A gray jacket. I will show you some clothing here. First, I will show you a gray jacket. Does this look anything like the jacket he had on?

    Mrs. Randle
    Yes, sir.

    Mr. Ball
    That morning?

    Mrs. Randle
    Similar to that. I didn’t pay an awful lot of attention to it.

    Mr. Ball
    Was it similar in color?

    Mrs. Randle
    Yes, sir; I think so. It had big sleeves.

    Mr. Ball
    Take a look at these sleeves. Was it similar in color?

    Mrs. Randle
    I believe so.

    Mr. Ball
    What is the Commission Exhibit on this jacket?

    Mrs. Randle
    It was gray, I am not sure of the shade

    Further on during her testimony:

    Mr. Ball
    Here is another jacket which is a gray jacket, does this look anything like the jacket he had on?

    Mrs. Randle
    No, sir; I remember its being gray.

    Mr. Ball Well, this one is gray but of these two the jacket I last showed you is Commission Exhibit No. 162, and this blue gray is 163, now if you had to choose between these two?

    Mrs. Randle
    I would choose the dark one.

    Mr. Ball
    You would choose the dark one?

    Mrs. Randle
    Yes, sir.

    Mr. Ball
    Which is 163, as being more similar to the jacket he had?

    Mrs. Randle
    Yes, sir; that I remember. But I, you know, didn’t pay an awful lot of attention to his jacket. I remember his T-shirt and the shirt more so than I do the jacket.

    Mr. Ball
    The witness just stated that 163 which is the gray-blue is similar to the jacket he had on. 162, the light gray jacket was not.

    Mrs. Randle
    Yes.

    After initially hesitating somewhat, Randle identified the dark gray blue jacket as the one Oswald was wearing. Her explanation that she didn’t pay much attention to Oswald’s jacket makes little sense. Why would she be paying more attention to the T-shirt and shirt which were both underneath the jacket? Of course, this is the same witness who would claim that she observed Oswald place his package into the backseat of her brother’s car. Yet as critics of the Warren Commission have pointed out, Frazier’s car was parked on the outside of her carport; and that her view of the car was blocked by the wall of the carport! [17] Certain defenders of the Warren Commission have tried to explain that she had merely heard Oswald open the car door and place the package inside. Despite this cheap attempt to defend their witness, Randle specifically claimed that she saw him place the package into the car.

    Although Randle did eventually identify Ce163 as the jacket Oswald had on, when Frazier was shown the jacket during his testimony, he refused to identify it as the one Oswald was wearing on the morning of the assassination! [18]

    Mr. Ball
     I have here Commission’s 163, a gray blue jacket. Do you recognize this jacket?

    Mr. Frazier
    No, sir; I don’t.

    Mr. Ball
    Did you ever see Lee Oswald wear this jacket?

    Mr. Frazier
    No, sir; I don’t believe I have.

    Mr. Frazier
    No, sir; I don’t believe I have because most time I noticed when Lee had it, I say he put off his shirt and just wear a T-shirt the biggest part of the time so really what shirt he wore that day I really didn’t see it or didn’t pay enough attention to it whether he did have a shirt on.

    Mr. Ball
    On that day you did notice one article of clothing, that is, he had a jacket?

    Mr. Frazier
    Yes, sir.

    Mr. Ball
    What color was the jacket?

    Mr. Frazier 
    It was a gray, more or less flannel, wool-looking type of jacket that I had seen him wear and that is the type of jacket he had on that morning.

    Mr. Ball
    Did it have a zipper on it?

    Mr. Frazier
    Yes, sir; it was one of the zipper types.

    Mr. Ball
    It isn’t one of these two zipper jackets we have shown?

    Mr. Frazier
    No, sir.

    The fact that Frazier insisted he saw Oswald wearing a gray zipper type jacket, yet at the same time, refused to identify Ce163 as the one he was wearing, raises the distinct possibility that Oswald was wearing a gray flannel-wool jacket to the TSBD, which was then substituted for Ce163. Of course, Frazier’s own credibility as a witness is not without question. For example, Garland Slack claimed that he observed Oswald at the Sports drome rifle range, and that he had been taken there by “a man named Frazier from Irving, Texas“ [19](Irving, Texas, was the residence of Linnie Mae Randle, where Frazier was also living). Frazier denied having ever driven Oswald to the rifle range [20].

    Richard Gilbride believes that Frazier was responsible for cutting the power to the TSBD elevators from the basement; after he allegedly went there to eat his lunch [21]. Much has also been discussed about Frazier’s arrest and possession of a British Enfield rifle, and his polygraph examination by DPD detective, R.D Lewis. Researchers such as Jim DiEugenio have suggested that Frazier may have been coerced by the DPD into incriminating Oswald by claiming that he saw Oswald carrying a package; but he had deliberately stated the package was only about 2 feet long (too short for even a broken down Mannlicher Carcano rifle) to divert suspicion away from himself.

    Although I find the above scenario to be plausible, it makes no sense that he would refuse to identify Ce163 as the jacket Oswald was wearing, if he was involved in a conspiracy to falsify evidence against him. Of course, there is always the possibility that Frazier was simply mistaken about the jacket Oswald was wearing, and that he really was wearing Ce163. Let’s now take a close look at all the problems with the discovery of the jacket at the TSBD.

    The “Discovery”

    As stated at the beginning of this essay, the dark gray blue jacket was allegedly discovered in the first floor Domino room of the TSBD, by an employee named Franklin (Frankie) Kaiser. In fact, not only is Kaiser credited with discovering the jacket, but he is also the same employee who allegedly discovered the clip board used by Oswald for filling out orders for school books (Kaiser testified before the Warren Commission that he had also made the clip board) [22]. The reader should keep in mind that there were a total of about 76 persons employed by the TSBD [23]. It therefore seems incredibly odd that Kaiser would be the same person to allegedly discover both Oswald’s clipboard and jacket. Of course, it cannot be known for sure how many employees used the Domino room; and how many of them also went to the sixth floor as Kaiser did. Even if it was only a grand total of five persons, the odds would roughly be only 4% that Kaiser could have discovered both items.

    What makes the discovery of the jacket all the more bizarre is the fact that there are two separate FBI reports which provide different dates for the discovery of the jacket! In a report dated 2/8/63, FBI agent Kenneth B. Jackson writes that the jacket was discovered at the TSBD at about 12/16/63 [24]. So not only are we to believe that against all odds Kaiser found both the jacket and the clipboard, but that it also took him close to four weeks to find the jacket. Granted that Kaiser was absent from the TSBD on the day of the assassination, and only returned to work the Monday following the assassination according to his testimony, but surely he or another employee could have found it much sooner than 12/16/63.

    This now brings us to the second FBI report on the jacket’s “discovery”. In his 3/7/64 report, FBI agent Robert Barrett wrote that Roy Truly, the superintendent of the TSBD, was given a jacket by an employee whose name he could not remember; three to four days following 11/22/63 [25] – and not on 12/16/63 as per the report by SA Kenneth Jackson written one month before. The reader should make note of the fact Barrett wrote in his report that Truly turned the jacket over to an FBI agent; whose name was not specified. Even if we are to believe that this agent was in fact Kenneth Jackson, why is there a discrepancy in the date on which Truly had given the jacket to the FBI?

    Perhaps we should also consider Barrett’s credibility as an investigator. Many researchers are aware of the allegation by Barrett that a wallet containing identification for Oswald and the fictitious name Alek James Hidell, allegedly used by Oswald as an alias, was discovered at the scene of the Tippit murder. Warren Commission defenders such as Dale Myers believe that Barrett was mistaken about the wallet. If this were true, then it might negatively impact on his credibility. However, there is much reason to believe that Barrett was telling the truth. Those interested in the wallet issue are encouraged to read through my article on my blog (click here).  

    Adding further doubt that Ce163 was not discovered at the TSBD, Roy Truly was not asked a single question about the discovery of the jacket during his Warren Commission testimony [26]. Furthermore, although Kaiser was asked exactly where in the Domino he had found the jacket during his testimony, he was never asked when he had found it! When Oswald’s co-worker, Charles Douglas Givens (who told the Warren Commission that he had seen Oswald on the sixth floor of the TSBD at about 11:55 am) was asked during his testimony about the type of clothing Oswald was wearing, he claimed that “he [Oswald] would wear a grey looking jacket.” [27] Although Givens’ credibility is, to put it mildly, lacking, he was also never shown Ce163 to identify it as the jacket Oswald was wearing.

    There was no identification made by any of Oswald’s co-workers, or by Oswald’s supervisor William Shelley, that Ce163 was the jacket Oswald was wearing when he went to work on the morning of the assassination. The reader should also bear in mind that in the reports by the DPD Officers, FBI and Secret Service agents (and Dallas postal inspector Harry Holmes) who had participated in Oswald’s interviews, there is no mention of Oswald admitting to wearing a dark gray blue looking jacket to work [28] [29]. Perhaps now we should take a closer look at the man who allegedly discovered the jacket.

    Who was Frankie Kaiser?

     Frankie Kaiser testified before the Warren Commission that he worked at the TSBD as an order filler and truck driver. When asked the date he started working for the TSBD, Kaiser claimed that it was 8/24/62. When asked why he was absent from work on the day of the assassination, Kaiser testified that he was at the Baylor dental college for an abscessed tooth. As researcher Bill Kelly has pointed out, the Baylor dental college is where George Bouhe arranged to have Marina Oswald’s dental work done shortly following her arrival from the Soviet Union with her husband. On a much more sinister note, the Baylor medical clinic had been provided hundreds of thousands of dollars in Army and CIA funds for the heinous MK/ULTRA mind control research from 1963 to 1965.[30]

    Kaiser’s alleged discovery of both the Clipboard and jacket led me to speculate that perhaps Kaiser was a confidential FBI or DPD informant working inside the TSBD, and keeping an eye on Oswald whom, as most researchers of the JFK assassination are aware, was suspected of being a Communist due to his “defection” to the Soviet Union. However, there was also Joe Rodriguez Molina, a former chairman of the Dallas chapter of the American GI forum, who was employed at the TSBD as a credit manager (at the time of the assassination, Molina had been employed at the TSBD for 16 years).[31] As Greg Parker has pointed out, Molina was suspected of having connection to gun runners.[32] Moreover, an FBI informant named William James Lowery; who had been informing on Molina, provided information that four members of the American Communist party had visited Molina’s residence. Lowery had also provided information that Molina had attended a political meeting, during which several members and sympathisers of the American Communist party were also present.[33]

    Although Lowery and other informants would claim that Molina was not a member of, or sympathetic towards the Communist party, the fact they had provided information that Molina was in contact with several Communists would have made him suspect to the FBI, just as the former “defector” to the Soviet Union; Oswald, undoubtedly was. William Lowery is an interesting person for several reasons. On 9/26/63, Lowery made the headlines by outing himself as an FBI “spy” about three days previously when he testified at an open Justice Department hearing in Washington.[34] On the day of the assassination, Lowery was employed as the manager of a shoe store on 620 West Jefferson Street named the Shoe Haven; about three blocks to the West of Hardy’s Shoe store where the manager, Johnny Calvin Brewer, allegedly spotted Oswald outside his store looking “funny” and scared, and then allegedly followed him into the Texas Theatre, after which we are told the Theatre Cashier, Julia Postal, telephoned the DPD leading to his arrest.[35]

    Despite being credited as the man who led to the capture of the accused murderer of the President of the United States, Brewer (and Postal for that matter) was not asked by the DPD to provide a sworn affidavit on the day of the assassination. Witnesses to the President’s assassination gave sworn statements to the authorities on the same day, yet Brewer provided an affidavit on 12/6/63 – an entire two weeks following the assassination! [36] During an interview with researcher Ian Griggs, Brewer would claim that when he allegedly spotted Oswald outside his store, there were two men with him in the store who were allegedly from IBM.[37] However, no mention of these men was made by Brewer in his affidavit, his interview with the FBI [38], and during his Warren Commission testimony. Lee Farley has made the case that one of these so-called IBM men was Igor Vaganov; who was suspected of being involved in the murder of DPD Officer J.D Tippit. Interested readers can read through Mr Farley’s work on Vaganov by clicking here.

    Now, the reader might be curious as to what Brewer has to do with Lowery. Aside from being an admitted FBI informant working as a manager in a shoe store about three blocks to the West of Brewer’s store, Lowery would tell HSCA investigators James P. Kelly and Harold A. Rose on 4/28/78 that he thought Oswald was “probably” on his way to kill him for exposing the Communist Party in Texas.[39] In light of all the evidence uncovered through the ARRB on Oswald, the idea that Oswald was a Communist is simply ludicrous. My belief is that, as someone who had admitted he was an FBI informant, Lowery made up that claim to make it appear as though Oswald had confused Brewer’s store with his store; which would give credence to Brewer’s story of spotting Oswald outside his own store.

    There is another interesting indirect connection between Lowery and Brewer. As Lee Farley has noted, in August of 1962, Lowery and the rest of the American Communist Party members in Dallas were promoting the idea of further establishing their connection to the local American Civil Liberties Union.[40] The reader should note that both the highly suspect Ruth and Michael Paine were members of the ACLU [41] [42]. Although Oswald had allegedly applied for membership with the ACLU [43], Greg Parker has informed me that Oswald was actually a member of the Dallas Civil liberties Union – an affiliate of the ACLU. It is beyond the scope of this essay to discuss the intelligence connections of Oswald and the Paine’s. However, their presence in the ACLU is understandable given the fact that the Communist party were trying to establish closer ties with them. Quite coincidentally, John Brewer would testify before the Warren Commission that he went to work as manager of Hardy’s shoe store in August, 1962.

    These coincidences have led me to speculate that Brewer may also have been an FBI informant, working alongside William Lowery in infiltrating Communist organisations and the ACLU. If Brewer was in fact an FBI informant, his willingness to co-operate with the DPD and the FBI in ensuring Oswald was the man who shot both the President and Officer J.D Tippit makes perfect sense to me. One final point I would like to make is that Lowey claimed his FBI control in Dallas was none other than James P. Hosty! [44]

    So how does all this relate to Frankie Kaiser? The reader will note that in the 8/20/64 FBI report on Joe Molina, the identity of Dallas informant, DL T-3, was kept hidden (DL T-3 was also informing on Oswald) [45]. The FBI was allegedly concerned that revealing the identity of DL T-3 would compromise his future “effectiveness” as an informant.[46] Although this is just speculation on my part, I believe that DL T-3 was in fact Frankie Kaiser. We have already seen that Kaiser had taken the credit for the discovery of the clipboard and jacket, and there are a number of coincidences which give credence to the possibility that Kaiser was DL T-3.

    Kaiser’s discovery of the clipboard was allegedly made on 12/2/63.[47] On the very same day, an FBI agent named Nat Pinkston was supposedly ordered by one of his superiors to conduct an “investigation” at the TSBD. The purpose of this investigation and the name of the supervisor were never revealed during Pinkston’s testimony, or in his report concerning the clipboards discovery.[48] The only thing Pinkston revealed when he testified was that he was waiting to see Roy Truly (this raises the possibility that it was Pinkston who acquired both the jacket and clipboard).

    Oddly enough, on the exact same day that Pinkston went to the TSBD to conduct an “investigation”, DL T-3 was shown a photograph of Oswald by an unnamed FBI agent. The informant went on to state that he had recognised Oswald as being the same person he had come into contact with on business.[49] Perhaps this is referring to the fact that on 8/13/63, 8/20/63, 8/27/63 and 9/3/63, DL T-3 was responsible for handling Oswald’s IB-2 form.[50] However, the possibility exists that the “business” in question was the TSBD. It is also interesting that the FBI had collected specimen from DL T-3 on 12/16/63 and 12/17/63 according to Warren Commission exhibit 2444.[51] The reader will recall that the date on which the jacket was acquired from Roy Truly was 12/17/63 according to the report by SA Kenneth Jackson, with Frankie Kaiser being the person who allegedly gave the jacket to Truly.

    There is absolutely nothing solid as far I am concerned which proves that Kaiser was DL T-3. However, the presence of an FBI informant at the TSBD makes perfect sense given that suspect individuals such as Oswald and Molina were employed there. As I’ve stated before, Kaiser testified that he went to work at the TSBD on 8/24/62 – this is the exact same month in which William Lowery and the rest of the American Communist party members in Dallas were attempting to establish closer ties to the ACLU. It is also the exact same month in which Johnny Brewer began working as the manager of Hardy’s shoe store on Jefferson Blvd. This could all be just an incredibly bizarre coincidence, but my belief is that Lowery, Brewer, and Kaiser were all part of an FBI operation to keep watch on suspected Communists in Dallas; with Kaiser gaining employment at the TSBD to keep an eye out on Molina, and eventually on Oswald when he began working there.

    The reader should keep in mind that on 10/9/63; just one week after Oswald allegedly returned from Mexico City after contacting Valery Kostikov (the KGB agent who was suspected of being in charge of assassinations in the Western hemisphere), and one week prior to commencing employment at the TSBD with the help of Ruth Paine, FBI supervisor Marvin Gheesling removed the FLASH warning on Oswald. [52] Had Gheesling not done this, the Secret Service would have ensured that Oswald was not working in a building along the President’s parade route. Researchers have been baffled as to how Oswald was still not considered a Communist threat following his departure from Mexico City. If the FBI knew in advance that Oswald would be employed at a building with one its informants working there, then surely there would be no problem in having the FLASH removed. This then raises the possibility that the FBI had played a role in securing Oswald a job at the TSBD, through one or more of its informants at the Texas employment Commission, such as Robert Adams.

    There is still another possible connection between Oswald, Molina, and the FBI. A man named Osvaldo Iglesias claimed that he had identified Rodriguez Molina; “the man arrested for questioning with Oswald in Dallas.” as the person passing out leaflets with Oswald in New Orleans. [53] Joe Molina’s middle name was Rodriguez, and on the morning of 11/23/63 the DPD had paid his home a visit and searched through his belongings. Molina was not arrested, but the next day, he went to the DPD upon their request where he was questioned by Captain Will Fritz.[54] As far I know, there is nothing to substantiate Iglesias’ claim. However, it is yet another intriguing possibility that Molina was indeed a Communist sympathiser.

    Despite whether one believes that Kaiser was a confidential FBI informant, he remains a very interesting person. His so-called discovery of the clipboard remains a mystery on its own. Kaiser testified that it was lying on the floor and in the plain open (the reader is advised that film footage from WFAA-TV had apparently captured a DPD Officer handling the clipboard on the sixth floor of the TSBD on the day of the assassination) [55]. As the great late Sylvia Meagher noted, Kaiser’s “discovery” of the clipboard occurred on the exact same day on which Charles Givens first told a Secret Service agent that he had seen Oswald on the sixth floor with his Clipboard. [56] Could this really be a coincidence? Warren Commission defenders have used this as evidence that Oswald was the last known employee on the sixth floor. Of course, they ignore all the problems with Givens as a witness.

    I also encourage readers to read through a copy of issue 5 of volume 4 of the third decade by Dr Jerry Rose (click here). In his article, Dr Rose discusses Oswald’s application for a job at the Allright parking system lot on Commerce Street in Dallas. When a detective went to investigate this application, he discovered that a person named Fred Kaiser Jr. had applied for a job there. As Dr Rose also explains, the man claimed he quit his job at the depository on 11/21/63. The man gave his address as Ledbetter Street – the same address Frankie Kaiser provided for himself during his Warren Commission testimony! Dr Rose speculates that perhaps Fred Kaiser was in fact Frankie Kaiser who quit his job at the TSBD, only to be brought back for the purpose of “finding” the clipboard.

    There is one final important point I would like to make. If Kaiser was an FBI informant, there is no chance on Earth J. Edgar Hoover would admit to this, as it would be a severe embarrassment to him and the FBI that one of their own informants was employed in the same building in which Oswald, the man arrested and accused by the DPD for assassinating the President, was also employed in. I doubt that even the most ardent of FBI and Warren Commission defenders would honestly disagree with that point of view.

    Conclusion

    Lee Harvey Oswald did not wear Ce163 (the dark gray blue jacket) to the TSBD on the morning of the assassination. Instead, Oswald wore a flannel-wool looking jacket as Buell Wesley Frazier testified. This jacket was discovered three to four days following the assassination (as per the report by SA Robert Barrett) inside the Domino room by an unidentified employee. The jacket was then made to disappear; with the identity of the employee who found it kept hidden. After Earlene Roberts described the jacket Oswald was wearing when he left 1026 North Beckley as being “a dark color” to Secret Service agents William Carter and Arthur Blake in her affidavit to them on 12/5/63, the authorities conspired to discredit her by faking the discovery of Ce163 on 12/16/63 by Frankie Kaiser at the TSBD. I believe it’s possible that Oswald wore Ce163 to the Texas Theatre, and that it was then substituted for the flannel-wool jacket found at the TSBD.

    Without a doubt, Roberts’ failure to identify Ce162 (the light gray jacket) as the jacket she saw Oswald wearing was a problem for the case against Oswald for shooting Officer J.D Tippit; as she was the only witness who positively saw Oswald (and not someone else) with a zipper jacket, and a zipper jacket was discarded at the parking lot behind the Texaco service station. Warren Commission defenders of course will scoff at any notion that the authorities were out to frame Oswald for the murder of the President and J.D Tippit. However, consider that with the President of the United States arrogantly and brutally gunned down in full public view and in broad daylight; and with the entire world anxiously waiting to learn who was responsible; and with the possibility of a nuclear war in the wake of the assassination, the DPD and the FBI would undoubtedly have been under a great amount of pressure to find those responsible.

    The DPD had apprehended Oswald at the Texas Theatre after he left the TSBD – the same location where they had discovered the rifle and spent shell casings. They therefore had a viable suspect for the assassination. The reader should also keep in mind that Julia Postal overheard one of the Officers who arrested Oswald at the Theatre remark “We have our man on both the counts” [57], and Johnny Brewer testified that he allegedly heard one of the Officers yell out to Oswald inside the Theatre “Kill the President will you” as they were scuffling with him. I only hope that current and future researchers will delve further into the issues which I have discussed throughout my essay.

    Acknowledgements

    I would like to thank researchers Greg Parker, Lee Farley, and Richard Gilbride, to all of whom I owe this work. Without the help and support they have provided me, I doubt very much that I would have been able to write this essay.


    Addendum

    Researcher Tom Scully has brought to my attention the fact that Frankie Kaiser and Fred Kaiser were actually brothers living at the same address in Dallas; and both of them were employed at the TSBD prior to President Kennedy’s assassination. The information is from an investigation by DPD detective, W.S Biggio, into Oswald’s application to work at the Allright Parking System on 1208 Commerce Street, Dallas, Texas.[58]

    According to information provided by Garnett Claud Hallmark, general manager of the Parking System, the application by Fred Kaiser to work at the System listed 5230 W. Ledbetter Street as Kaiser’s address; the same address which Frankie Kaiser provided for himself during his Warren Commission testimony. In fact, a Frankey Kaiser was listed by Fred in his application as an emergency contact; with Frankey’s address given as 5230 W. Ledbetter Street.

    When former TSBD employee Roy E. Lewis was interviewed by Larry Sneed for Sneed’s book, No More Silence, he informed Sneed that amongst the workers at the TSBD he knew were the Kaiser brothers. [59] It is therefore readily apparent that I was wrong in assuming that Fred and Frankie Kaiser were the same man, and I apologise to readers for my error.


    End notes

    [1] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Nov. 22, 1963, “sir Jac” coat, page 3

    [2] Warren Commission report, page 175

    [3] Testimony of Earlene Roberts, WC Volume VI

    [4] Various reports by Earlene Roberts to the media, found in the Harold Weisberg archives

    [5] Affidavit of Earlene Roberts, WC Volume VII

    [6] Testimony of DPD Captain William Ralph Westbrook, WC Volume VII

    [7] Testimony of Barbara Jeanette Davis, WC Volume III

    [8] Warren Commission exhibit 2781, WC Volume XXVI

    [9] Testimony of DPD Sgt Gerald Hill, WC Volume VII

    [10] Warren Commission exhibit 2045, WC Volume XXIV

    [11] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Nov. 22, 1963, Wesley Frazier, page 5

    [12] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Nov. 22, 1963, Linnie Mae Randle, page 8

    [13] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Nov. 22, 1963, Wesley Buell Frazier, page 2

    [14] Affidavit of Linnie Mae Randle on 11/22/63 Dallas Municipal archives – John F. Kennedy collection

    [15] Affidavit of Buell Wesley Frazier on 11/22/63 Dallas Municipal archives – John F. Kennedy collection

    [16] Testimony of Linnie Mae Randle, WC Volume II

    [17] Warren Commission exhibits 446 and 447, WC volume XVII

    [18] Testimony of Buell Wesley Frazier, WC Volume II

    [19] Warren Commission Document 1546 – FBI Gemberling Report of 08 Oct 1964

    [20] Warren Commission Document 1546 – FBI Gemberling Report of 08 Oct 1964

    [21] Richard Gilbride’s essay on Eddie Piper, uploaded to Greg Parkerâ’s website

    [22] Testimony of Frankie Kaiser, WC Volume VI

    [23] Warren Commission exhibit 1381, WC Volume XXII

    [24] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Oswald’s possessions, 12/17/64 LHO Jacket TSBD

    [25] Warren Commission Document 735 – FBI Gemberling Report of 10 Mar 1964

    [26] Testimony of Roy Sansom Truly, WC Volumes II and III

    [27] Testimony of Charles Douglas Givens, WC Volume VI

    [28] Dallas Municipal archives – John F. Kennedy collection

    [29] Warren Commission report, pages 612 to 636

    [30] Research by William Kelly, Spartacus education forum, Frank Kaiser topic

    [31] Admin folder-M10: HSCA administrative folder, Joe Rodriguez Molina, at the MFF

    [32] Research by Greg Parker, Spartacus education forum, Joe Molina’s connections to gun-runners topic.

    [33] Admin folder-M10: HSCA administrative folder, Joe Rodriguez Molina, at the MFF

    [34] John Armstrong Baylor collection, FBI, Informants, page 4

    [35] Testimony of Johnny Calvin Brewer, WC Volume VII

    [36] Affidavit of Johnny Calvin Brewer on 12/6/63, Dallas Municipal archives – John F. Kennedy collection

    [37] No case to answer by Ian Griggs, interview with Johnny Calvin Brewer, page 58

    [38] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Tippitt shooting, Nov. 22, 1963, Brewer, pages 12 and 13

    [39] John Armstrong Baylor collection, FBI, Informants, page 4

    [40] Research of Lee Farley, Spartacus education forum, William James Lowery topic

    [41] Testimony of Michael Ralph Paine, WC Volume II

    [42] Testimony of Ruth Hyde Paine, WC Volume IX

    [43] Oswald 201 File, Vol. 20, page 212, at the MFF

    [44] John Armstrong Baylor collection, FBI, Informants, page 6

    [45] Warren Commission exhibit 980, WC Volume XVIII

    [46] Admin folder-M10: HSCA administrative folder, Joe Rodriguez Molina, at the MFF

    [47] Warren Commission document 7 – FBI Gemberling Report of 10 Dec 1963

    [48] Testimony of FBI agent Nat A. Pinkston, WC Volume VI

    [49] John Armstrong Baylor collection, FBI, Informants, page 13

    [50] John Armstrong Baylor collection, FBI, Informants, page 12

    [51] Warren Commission exhibit 2444, WC Volume XXV

    [52] JFK and the unspeakable, by Jim Douglass, page 178

    [53] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Nov. 22, 1963, Joe Molina, page 7

    [54] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Nov. 22, 1963, Joe Molina, page 8

    [55] FBI 62-109060 JFK HQ File, Section 147, page 5, at the MFF

    [56] The curious testimony of Mr. Givens, by Sylvia Meagher

    [57] John Armstrong Baylor collection, Tippitt shooting, Nov. 22, 1963, Postal, page 16

    [58] Dallas municipal archives, Box 18, folder 7.

    [59] No More Silence by Larry Sneed, page 85.

     

  • “Shoot Him Down”:  NBC, the CIA and Jim Garrison

    “Shoot Him Down”: NBC, the CIA and Jim Garrison


    garrison
    Jim Garrison

    With the arrival of the 40th anniversary of President Kennedy’s assassination, it was hardly surprising that one of the major television networks attempted to make the case for Lee Oswald’s sole guilt. Despite four decades of solid research indicating a conspiracy, the American viewing public was once again treated to a one-sided, unfair and unbalanced presentation. In light of this, it might be instructive to look at how one of the other networks tackled the case for conspiracy some 37 years ago. The mystery of the assassination is still a popular subject among people of all ages. A college student might not know how to ask a girl out, but you can bet they have strong opinions on the JFK assassination based solely on the network specials that run every so often.

    On June 19th, 1967 NBC aired an hour long “analysis” of New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s investigation titled, The JFK Conspiracy: The Case of Jim Garrison. While unnecessary to rehash Garrison’s case here, in summary Garrison’s investigation focused on three individuals: A former Eastern Airlines pilot and probable CIA asset, David Ferrie; ex-FBI man and private detective Guy Banister; and Managing Director of the International Trade Mart, Clay Shaw. Garrison believed all three were connected to American intelligence and had, at a minimum, conspired to set up Oswald as a potential patsy in the JFK assassination. Barely three months into his investigation, Garrison’s main suspect, the forty-nine year old David Ferrie, died apparently of natural causes. Banister had also passed away in 1964 as a result of a heart attack. On March 1st, 1967 Garrison arrested the surviving member of this trio, the CIA connected Clay Shaw. By mid-March both the Grand Jury and a three-judge panel had ordered Shaw to trial.

    Garrison’s case was big news and predictably the news media swung into attack mode. None was more vicious or had more resources at their disposal than NBC. For the job as lead investigative reporter, NBC assigned Walter Sheridan. Shortly after Shaw’s arrest Sheridan arrived in New Orleans and began questioning witnesses — perhaps bribing and intimidating would be a better choice of words. Sheridan questioned a former electronics expert and CIA asset Gordon Novel and immediately put him on a $500 a day retainer. (Novel had briefly consulted with Garrison’s team). Sheridan then urged Novel to skip town to avoid being indicted and paid him an additional $750 while Novel was in Columbus Ohio. Attorney Dean Andrews, who received the call from a “Clay Bertrand” to represent Oswald, was promised a recording studio if he cooperated with Sheridan. Andrews was overheard bragging, “I can get the equipment here. All I have to do is make a phone call, I’ll have open credit, I can pay off on any terms. Look, Bobby Sarnoff promised me those facilities. He’d better pay off, baby.” Bobby Sarnoff was, of course, Robert Sarnoff, NBC president and later chairman of the board of its parent company RCA.

    Garrison’s main witness at the time was Perry Russo, a young insurance agent who had claimed he overheard a conspiratorial conversation between Shaw, Ferrie and Oswald at Ferrie’s home. Sheridan “interviewed” Russo and seriously distorted his statements during the broadcast. As the New Orleans States-Item reported, “Russo said Sheridan, WDSU-TV reporter Richard Townley and Saturday Evening Post writer James Phelan repeatedly visited his home in attempts to persuade him to cooperate with NBC and the defense.” Russo said he met with the trio with the full knowledge of the district attorney’s office and reported everything that happened to Asst. DA Andrew Sciambra. Russo said, “Sheridan offered to set me up in California, protect my job and guarantee that Garrison would never get me extradited back to Louisiana” if he cooperated. He accused Townley of threatening him with public humiliation unless he changed his story and cooperated with the NBC program. The 25-year-old witness said members of the trio told him both, “NBC and the Central Intelligence Agency are out to wreck Garrison’s investigation.” Of course, Russo’s accusations were met with denials, but as we shall see Russo’s claims seem to have been accurate.

    Another of Garrison’s witnesses was Vernon Bundy, a heroin addict and prisoner who had testified at the preliminary hearing that he had seen Shaw and Oswald together at the Lake Pontchartrain seawall. Once Bundy had been exposed in the preliminary hearing, he was now fair game for Walter Sheridan and NBC. In their attempt to discredit Bundy, NBC aired interviews with two fellow convicts, Miguel Torres and John Cancler. Cancler, a convicted burglar and pimp, appeared first and said Bundy had told him he was going to lie to the DA’s office to get out of prison. Torres, whose own record of heroin abuse, burglary, pimping, assault, and suspected murder out rivaled Cancler’s, was currently serving a nine-year sentence for robbery. He said that Bundy told him he was going to make up a story about Shaw to get the DA to “cut him loose” from prison. After the airing of the NBC special, Garrison invited Messrs. Torres and Cancler to repeat their stories in front of the Grand Jury. Both pleaded the Fifth Amendment and were subsequently convicted of contempt. Another problem with Torres’ story is his accusation that Bundy needed the DA to “cut him loose” from prison. In a recently released memorandum from the New Orleans DA’s files, former aide William Gurvich wrote of his investigation of Bundy. Gurvich states, “Shortly after my interview with Bundy, I contacted local narcotics officers for background information on him. I also made an extensive inquiry into his criminal history.” Of his heroin use Gurvich writes, “[Bundy] uses four or five capsules of heroin daily… This amount is considered sufficient for addiction, but is not an excessive amount as the more heavily addicted use as much as 20-30 capsules daily.” Gurvich goes on to write “Bundy claimed he was in Parish Prison at the time because he went there voluntarily when he felt himself reverting back to the use of narcotics and feared the consequences of his addiction. Official records corroborate this.” Bundy was on probation for breaking into a cigarette machine, but was not serving time. So much for Bundy needing to be “cut loose.” Since NBC offered to relocate Perry Russo to California and provide him with a job if he changed his original testimony one can only imagine what incentives Sheridan offered Cancler and Torres.

    Garrison’s one time “aide”, the aforementioned William Gurvich also assisted Sheridan having left the DA’s office several weeks earlier. As Garrison noted shortly after the broadcast Gurvich didn’t so much resign as “drift away about six weeks ago” and that since that time he had been in contact with Walter Sheridan. Gurvich also admittedly made off with the DA’s master file. The CIA was so smitten with Gurvich that they wanted to make sure he was in touch with Shaw’s lawyers. In their enthusiasm to give Shaw’s lawyers all the help they could the CIA recommended:

    Shaw’s attorneys ought to talk to William H. GURVICH. This is an excellent suggestion. It is assumed they have done so, or plan to, but we should try to assure that they do.

    One other witness Sheridan used makes for an interesting case study of Sheridan’s abuse of power. Fred Leemans, the owner of a Turkish bath house in New Orleans, originally stated that Shaw had frequented his establishment using the name of Clay Bertrand. By the time Sheridan and company got to him, he went on the NBC special claiming he had been offered a $2500 bribe by one of Garrison’s men in exchange for his incriminating testimony. After the NBC special had aired, Leemans came forward with the truth. In a sworn statement Leemans admitted that part of the reason he participated in the show was threatening phone calls “relative to the information that I had given Mr. Garrison.” Leemans also recalled a visit from a man with a badge who stated that he was a government agent. The man supposedly told Leemans that the government was checking bar owners in the Slidell area for possible income tax violations. The man also warned him “it was not smart” to be involved in the Clay Shaw case “because a lot of people that had been involved got hurt.” An anonymous caller told Leemans to change his statement and claim he had been bribed. The caller also suggested that Leemans contact Irvin Dymond, one of Shaw’s attorneys. After contacting Dymond, Leemans was introduced to Walter Sheridan. Leemans claimed Dymond offered an attorney and bond in the event he was charged with giving false information to the DA’s office. Leemans said his appearance on the show was taped in the office of Aaron Kohn, managing director of the Metropolitan Crime Commission, in the presence of Sheridan and Dymond.

    The newly released CIA files present an interesting biography of “reporter” Sheridan. In 1955 Sheridan was security approved as an investigator for the CIA. A month later this was cancelled because Sheridan accepted a position at the ultra-secret National Security Agency. In 1956 he was security approved once again by the CIA so that he could attend their “Basic Orientation Course”. After leaving the NSA, Sheridan went to work for Bobby Kennedy’s Justice Department in the “Get Hoffa” squad, where his tactics in nailing Hoffa earned him a rebuke from none other than Chief Justice Earl Warren and paved the way for Hoffa’s eventual release. With this background in the intelligence communities Sheridan was now apparently qualified to work for NBC as a reporter, despite having no previous journalism experience. However, documents reveal that Sheridan did not sever contact with the CIA. In early May of 1967 the Counter Intelligence office of the CIA issued a memorandum for the Deputy Director of Plans which stated:

    Richard Lansdale, Associate General Counsel, has advised us that NBC plans to do a derogatory TV special on Garrison and his probe of the Kennedy assassination; that NBC regards Garrison as a menace to the country and means to destroy him. The program is to be presented within the next few weeks. Mr. Lansdale learned this information from Mr. Walter Sheridan of NBC.]

    As noted previously, during Sheridan’s tenure in New Orleans he enlisted the aid of Richard Townley from NBC’s affiliate, WDSU-TV. Townley’s loose tongue offered further proof that the NBC White Paper was no more than a deliberate attempt to sabotage the investigation and to ruin Jim Garrison. A recently released FBI memo reads:

    A local FBI agent reported that Richard Townley, WDSU-TV, New Orleans, remarked to a special agent of the New Orleans office last evening that he had received instructions from NBC, New York, to prepare a one hour TV special on Jim Garrison with the instruction “shoot him down.”

    After the program aired, Garrison petitioned the FCC who agreed that the program was biased and granted Garrison a 30-minute rebuttal to air on July 15 at 7:30 P.M. — hardly equal time. Nevertheless, the NBC program aided greatly in the discreditation of the DA’s office and potentially contaminated the Shaw jury pool.

    In addition to the aforementioned Richard Townley, the local New Orleans news media seemed to have more than its fair share of newscasters willing to flack for the intelligence agencies. Ed Planer, also of WDSU, offered to share information he had relative to the Garrison probe with the FBI. Also reporting to the FBI was Assistant U.S. Attorney Gene Palmisano. In a May 12th memo from the New Orleans office to Director Hoover, Palmisano stated that he had received information that NBC was planning a White Paper concerning Garrison and that this news special would destroy the credibility of Garrison’s investigation.

    As these repeated and obviously orchestrated attacks on the DA’s office continued, Garrison decided to fight back. On July 7 Walter Sheridan was charged with four counts of public bribery and Richard Townley was charged with attempted bribery and intimidation of witnesses. Sheridan’s New Orleans attorneys of record were Milton Brener, a former Assistant D.A. under Garrison, now vociferously anti-Garrison, and Edward Baldwin of Baldwin and Quaid. In May of 1967, Baldwin’s partner James Quaid wrote a letter to Richard Helms, then Director of the CIA, requesting that the Agency place his name “on their referral list of qualified attorneys in this area.” However, Sheridan’s Washington representation is much more illuminating.

    Herbert Miller was a former head of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice who had worked closely with Walter Sheridan. In the aftermath of the assassination Miller was the Department of Justice’s point man in Dallas coordinating the Justice, FBI and Texas investigations. After leaving the DOJ, Miller entered private practice in the Washington firm of Miller, McCarthy, Evans, and Cassidy — the Evans in this case being former FBI Assistant Director Courtney Evans. In 1967 Miller went to work for the CIA representing the Agency’s interests in the Hans Tofte case. (Tofte was a long-time CIA covert operative who worked in the Domestic Operations Division with his protégé, Tracy Barnes. In 1966 he was fired by the Agency for apparently hoarding classified material in his apartment.) While he was representing the CIA in the Tofte flap, Miller found time to interject himself into the Garrison investigation. On May 1, 1967, Miller began offering intelligence on the Garrison investigation to the CIA.

    Later that week Miller called CIA Associate General Counsel Richard Lansdale to inform him of the expected arrival in Washington of Alvin Beauboeuf. Beauboeuf was one of assassination suspect David Ferrie’s close friends, having accompanied him on his mad dash to Texas on the day of the assassination. Miller’s source on Beauboeuf was Walter Sheridan. As Lansdale notes in his memo, “[the NBC special] is expected to ‘bury’ Garrison because everyone is convinced that Garrison is a wild and dangerous man.” Miller went on to assure the CIA that “Beauboeuf would be glad to talk with us or help in any way we want.” Garrison would note that after Beauboeuf’s Washington trip “a change came over Beauboeuf; he refused to cooperate with us further and he made charges against my investigators.”

    To recap, we have evidence that NBC reporter Sheridan was providing intelligence on the Garrison investigation to a CIA lawyer, a situation that indicates certain sinister possibilities. In fact, recently declassified records show that Sheridan wasn’t satisfied with solely presenting his own warped view of Garrison. A May 11th CIA memo reveals that Sheridan wanted to meet with the CIA “under any terms we propose” and that Sheridan desired to make the CIA’s view of Garrison “a part of the background in the following NBC show.”

    While Sheridan’s litigation was pending, Miller began doing double duty as a conduit between Shaw’s lawyers and the CIA. In May of 1968 Miller wrote to the CIA’s Lansdale:


    Dear Dick:

    Enclosed are the documents I received from Clay Shaw’s attorney, Ed Wegmann.

    Best Regards,

    Herbert J. Miller, Jr.


    The following month Miller provided the Agency with at least two more such packages.

    Miller was certainly a very busy man during this time frame. While Miller was acting as a CIA courier for Shaw’s lawyers and representing Walter Sheridan, he was also performing similar duties for Gordon Novel. While Novel was fighting extradition from Ohio, Miller came to his aid and was successful in getting an Ohio court to quash Garrison’s subpoena. Miller also provided the CIA with the transcripts from Novel’s civil suit against Garrison and Playboy. After Novel successfully avoided Garrison’s extradition he sent a clipping to former CIA Director Allen Dulles. In his own handwritten marginalia to Dulles, Novel took great pride in Miller’s victory, noting what a great job “Miller the Killer” did for him. It is interesting to note that the supposedly itinerant Novel now had four lawyers representing him: Miller, Stephen Plotkin, Jerry Weiner, and Elmer Gertz. Gertz, who had also represented Jack Ruby, was one of Novel’s lawyers in his civil suit. When answering a list of interrogatories posed to him by Playboy’s lawyers Novel stated that payment of legal fees to Weiner and Plotkin were “clandestinely remunerated by a party or parties unknown to me.” It was later revealed to a Garrison investigator by a former member of the CIA that Plotkin was receiving his fees from the CIA via a cutout, Stephen Lemman. As for Miller, just a few short years after the Shaw trial ended, he represented President Richard Nixon as his post-resignation attorney.

    What brings the Sheridan affair full circle is a friend of Sheridan’s, one Carmine S. Bellino. Bellino was a former FBI agent and Kennedy insider who worked with Robert Kennedy on the McClellan Committee in the fifties and was brought on to Sheridan’s “Get Hoffa” squad in the sixties. In 1954 Bellino actually shared his office with CIA/Mafia go-between, Robert Maheu. But what is troubling about the Bellino/Sheridan relationship is that Bellino once worked with none other than Guy Banister, performing background checks for the Remington Rand Corporation. In the seventies Bellino became an investigator on the Watergate Committee and did his best to steer the committee away from investigating any CIA involvement in the crime.

    In a 1967 memo the CIA outlined several mass media approaches to counter Garrison’s charges. One of their recommendations was to make sure that CIA Director Helms assure that various media outlets “receive a coherent picture of Garrison’s ‘facts’ and motives. In anticipation of a trial, it would be prudent to have carefully selected channels of communication lined up in advance.” Certainly the evidence above indicates that NBC was one such “channel.”

  • Philip E. Muehlenbeck, Betting on the Africans


    Reading Philip Muehlenbeck’s Betting on the Africans is a pleasure. And it was a pleasure for more than one reason. First of all, it forms a complement to Richard Mahoney’s milestone 1983 book, JFK: Ordeal in Africa. Mahoney’s book was a masterful thesis on the formative stages of Kennedy’s foreign policy in Southeast Asia and how this impacted his conduct of the epochal Congo crisis. Muehlenbeck’s book focuses on the other important countries in Africa that Kennedy dealt with at the time. But second, it discerns subtle characteristics of Kennedy’s African policy and why he acted as he did with certain nations. Most of this information was new to this reviewer, who is well versed in Kennedy’s foreign policy. Or thought he was. Finally, the book takes us deeper into just how far Kennedy was willing to go in supporting Third World nationalism in opposition to the NATO alliance, and also in opposition to those in his own administration. By doing so, the book further elucidates the almost uncanny sophistication and subtle nuances of Kennedy’s vision of the world. A sophistication and subtlety that no president since has either matched or exceeded.

    I

    Very properly, Muehlenbeck begins the book with the reaction of President Dwight Eisenhower and his Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to the break up of colonial empires in Africa during the fifties. Here, he states two simple facts. When Eisenhower became president there were only four independent countries in Africa; 23 independent states arose on the continent by 1960. Even though this tremendous wave of colonial liberation took place on the Eisenhower/Dulles watch, not once did the USA ever vote against a European power over a colonial dispute in Africa. Neither did Ike or Dulles criticize colonial rule by any allies. And very often, Eisenhower would find a reason to go golfing when a new African head of state arrived in Washington. (Muehlenbeck, p. 3)

    Much of this attitude came from the Dulles State Department. As the author notes, “Dulles believed that Third World nationalism was a tool of Moscow’s creation rather than a natural outgrowth of the colonial experience.” (p. 4) Dulles thought that this was really a staged move toward communism and Russian hegemony. For instance, in a 1954 State Department paper, the advice was that the USA had to keep Africa stable to keep relations with NATO afloat. Therefore, the Eisenhower administration generally allowed America’s African policy to be set in the European capitals of London, Paris, Brussels and Lisbon. (ibid) Even with Portugal – not really a key ally – the best Eisenhower and Dulles would do was abstain from a vote. Although Eisenhower did raise occasional objections on this issue, he invariably followed Dulles’ Soviet obsessed lead. In fact, he once said that he disdained having to invite “those niggers” to diplomatic functions. (p. 5) Eisenhower and Dulles even sent “regional” ambassadors to these new countries. That is, one ambassador would serve two , three, or four nations at a time. This was not just condescending, but it made for inefficient delays in action. (ibid) Also, there was very little discernment by Eisenhower or Dulles as to the differences between countries e.g. Niger and Nigeria.

    It’s little surprise that Richard Nixon shared these types of views. At a National Security Council meeting, the vice-president claimed that “some of the peoples of Africa have been out of the trees for only about fifty years.” (p. 6) Budget Director Maurice Stans replied that he “had the impression that many Africans still belonged in trees.” This all pointed to another reason why these men of wealth and white privilege did not see any urgency in the upheaval going on in Africa. In their view, they could not understand why these people wanted to be set free, since they clearly had little ability to actually govern themselves or their nations. (ibid) Consequently, Nixon stated for the record his obvious conclusions about democracy and independence in Africa:

    We must recognize, although we cannot say it publicly, that we need the strong men of Africa on our side … Since we must have the strong men of Africa on our side, perhaps we should in some cases develop military strong men as an offset to communist development of labor unions. (p. 7)

    In other words, Nixon was already in favor of backing fascist dictators rather than letting the United States help form the democratic experiment in Africa. This from the man who the MSM constantly praised as being a “wise man” in foreign policy.

    Because of this inherent deference to its European allies, many times, neither Eisenhower nor Dulles would meet with African foreign dignitaries upon their arrival. (p. 9) Further, when they did, they would limit the publicity allowed. Sometimes actually embargoing any news stories.

    To show just how insensitive John Foster Dulles was to the African issue, consider his association with Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt. Nasser occupied a very special place in Africa since he was not just the leader of an important African country, but he was also an Arab nationalist whose nation had great geo-political significance because of the location of the Suez Canal. Well, in the face of all this, Secretary of State Dulles tried to get Nasser to join America in a military pact against Russia. (p. 10) Nasser replied that if he did that, he would lose all stature with his populace since they would now see him as a stooge of America. Dulles also would not sell arms to Nasser. So he bought them from Poland. And then Egypt recognized China.

    At this point, Dulles decided to make an example out of Nasser. He cut food shipments to the country, and he also cancelled support for the Aswan Dam project. This was a huge miscalculation that provoked two serious repercussions. First, Egypt now decided to occupy the Suez Canal. This caused an invasion of Sinai by England, France and Israel. Which, in turn, caused a showdown at the UN where the USSR and USA backed Egypt and made the invaders leave. Secondly, the Russians eagerly stepped in and supplied the loans necessary to build the dam.

    Dulles now decided to do something that, in light of today, was probably even worse. Realizing he had inadvertently built up Nasser in the Arab world, he now decided to try and make King Saud of Saudi Arabia Nasser’s counterweight. Saud then signed onto the Eisenhower Doctrine, the idea that the Russians had to be kept out of the Middle East. Most observers saw this as a step to keep Nasser in check. Therefore, the message was that Dulles was siding with royalty and against nationalism. (p. 15) Which is the same thing that Eisenhower and the Dulles brothers did in Iran in 1954.

    There was also the Algeria crisis, where France fought a horrible and bloody guerilla war to keep Algeria part of the homeland. At best, one could say that Ike and Dulles sat this one out. Another serious problem Eisenhower had in Africa occurred after Dulles died in 1959. This was the immense Congo crisis. Since Eisenhower and his new Secretary of State Christian Herter decided to, at first, not back Patrice Lumumba, and then approved his assassination, this cooled the attempt by men like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana to begin cooperative relations with the USA. In fact, when Nkrumah protested the policy of Eisenhower and CIA Director Allen Dulles in Congo, Eisenhower now looked upon Nkrumah as a communist. And as with John Foster Dulles and Nasser, he withdrew support for a pet project of Nkrumah’s, the Volta River Dam. (p. 24)

    Another opportunity was squandered in the shadow of the Congo crisis. In late 1958, France set the country of Guinea free since it voted down a referendum to stay part of Francophone Africa. Mimicking what Lumumba had done, President Ahmed Sekou Toure first went to Eisenhower and Dulles for aid. They declined the request. He then turned to Russia for help and they gave it to him. In fact, in deference to French President Charles DeGaulle, Eisenhower even initially declined to recognize Guinea as a country. (p. 26) Again, Eisenhower looked upon Toure as being a Red. Especially since he asked for American help in Congo. The most he would offer Toure was 150 scholarships and an English language training program. (p. 27)

    As Muehlenbeck makes clear, because of this irrational tendency to see almost all of Africa through the lens of the Cold War, Eisenhower saw the wave of independence that was taking place a “destructive hurricane”. But since the USSR saw it, accurately, as a tornado of nationalism they were in a good position to take advantage of the Eisenhower-Dulles blindness. And they did precisely that e.g. the Aswan Dam, Congo and aid to Algerian rebels.

    II

    As Muehlenbeck notes, for Kennedy, in 1957, the challenge of dealing with European imperialism was “the single most important test of American foreign policy today.” That same year, Kennedy made an eloquent and controversial speech on the floor of the Senate in which he attacked the Eisenhower-Dulles policy of sitting on their hands while France now made the same mistake in Algeria as they did in Vietnam. That speech was so powerful that that the French governor in Algiers warned Americans to stay off the streets of the city. He was right, for a bomb went off outside the American consulate there. (p. 36)

    In 1958, Kennedy became the chairman of the Foreign Relations sub-committee on Africa. From that position, he urged Eisenhower to meet all the heads of state of the newly freed African nations. For if he did not, “the future of Africa will seriously effect, for better or worse, the future of the USA.” (p. 37) Kennedy specifically rejected the so-called evolutionary approach taken by Eisenhower and Dulles, since he understood that all of Africa would soon be set free. Kennedy was intent on creating a new foreign policy that would break out of the confines of the Cold War. Then, and only then, could America respond to the needs of emerging nations in the Third World. Prior to the Democratic convention, he told Harris Wofford that if Stuart Symington or Lyndon Johnson were the nominee “we might as well elect Dulles or Acheson; it would be the same cold-war foreign policy all over again.” (p. 37) Kennedy’s Undersecretary of State George Ball explained JFK’s ideas from a slightly different angle:

    Postwar diplomacy had rested largely on the assumption that the United States … was a status quo power, while the Soviet Union was essentially a revolutionary power, and that the United States would benefit by encouraging stability; the Soviet Union by exploiting turbulence … The Kennedy Doctrine challenged this approach … If America failed to encourage the young revolutionaries in the new countries, they would inevitably turn toward the Soviet Union … America should, therefore, stop trying to sustain traditional societies and ally itself with the side of revolution. (p. xiv)

    Kennedy was not kidding. In his speeches during his presidential campaign the candidate mentioned Africa 479 times. (p. 37) One of the things he said to make his point was this: “There are children in Africa named Thomas Jefferson, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. There are none called Lenin or Trotsky – or Nixon.” (p. 38) A newspaper in Africa wrote that, “For Africans, as for everybody else, Mr. Kennedy’s election is almost as important as it is for Americans.” A month after the election, the new president sent a four man team to Africa to bring back a report. It was led by Senator Frank Church. Upon his return Church said that, whenever his team would near a village, an eager crowd would inevitably materialize. They would then begin chanting in unison, “Kennedy, Kennedy, Kennedy!”

    The new president did not disappoint. When he took charge a veritable sea change took place in American policy towards Africa. Frank Church’s team filed a report which recommended “sweeping changes in America’s attitude towards Africa.” Church said that America should “abandon its traditional fence-sitting – arising from links with the colonial powers – in support for African nationalism.” (p. 41) As a result, Kennedy’s first State Department appointee was G. Mennen Williams to the office of Assistant Secretary for African affairs. A former governor of Michigan, Williams was a champion of civil rights. In fact he was so staunch on this issue that Kennedy could not appoint him as Secretary of State – a move he briefly contemplated – because he knew that southern senators would filibuster him. So he placed him in a “position of responsibility second to none in the new administration.” (p. 42) He and Williams then reversed previous policy and appointed ambassadors to individual countries. But further, they appointed ambassadors who were conversant in the local language, who understood the culture, and were sympathetic to the problems of the emerging continent. For instance, William Attwood – who would later become famous as Kennedy’s back channel messenger to Castro – specifically requested to be posted to Guinea. Kennedy and Williams wanted ambassadors who were interested in restoring America’s image in a previously ignored place.

    As the author outlines it, Kennedy’s overall African program had four overall aims:

    1. To oppose European colonialism
    2. To accept African non-alignment
    3. To Initiate economic programs and development
    4. To exercise personal diplomacy to build relationships

    In fact, Kennedy issued a specific executive order, NSAM 16, which discarded the Eisenhower trait of deferring American policy in Africa to its European allies. (p. 45) Or as Williams stated in public, “What we want for the Africans is what the Africans want for themselves.” This was later misreported as Williams saying, “Africa for the Africans”. It was a mangling that the Africans very much liked and Williams did not hotly dispute.

    III

    Williams and Kennedy placed the new program into effect quickly. In the summer of 1961 they began to apply pressure on Portugal to set free its colony of Angola.. To further hammer the point home, Kennedy then began to aid the Angolan nationalists fighting for their freedom (p. 46)

    In his first year in office, Kennedy quintupled Eisenhower’s aid package to Africa. (p. 47) And unlike his predecessor, Kennedy began to shift the money in these aid packages from being primarily military to being primarily social and economic aid. In another break with the past, in April of 1961, Kennedy threw open the doors of the White House to the Foreign Service staffs of African missions in the District of Columbia. He even invited African exchange students studying in America to African Freedom Day ceremonies at the White House. An event at which he himself was in attendance and where he mixed in with the guests. (p. 49) This gesture was not symbolic. As Muehlenbeck notes, by the time of his assassination, President Kennedy had formally met with no less than 28 African heads of state. To illustrate the point, the author notes that this comes out to about one per month. Eisenhower’s average was about one per year. As Muehlenbeck further notes, many of these meetings went well past the time the appointment was allotted for in JFK’s schedule. Further, Kennedy would invariably punctuate the meeting by taking his guest upstairs to meet his wife and daughter. This was done to accent the personal interest the president had in seeing these men succeed in their new endeavor. To say this new approach worked does not do it justice. As Somali prime minister Abdirashid Aki Shermarke later noted, Kennedy had a unique ability “to make himself a friend – immediately.” He then added that after his meeting, “I had an unlimited respect for the man; an unlimited respect for the man, beyond any doubt.” (p. 51)

    Kennedy’s new approach was fully complemented by Williams’ devotion to his task. He was anything but a stay at home secretary. Williams took tours to Africa eleven times. (p. 53) In one year he spent 100 days abroad. As Muehlenbeck notes, all of this was simply unprecedented in the diplomatic annals of American relations with Africa.

    As Richard Mahoney fully noted, although Patrice Lumumba was killed before Kennedy was inaugurated, the announcement was made after he was in office. This may have been done by Allen Dulles to somehow impute blame to Kennedy. Even though Kennedy actually favored Lumumba and had nothing at all to do with his murder. In fact, some observers feel that Lumumba was killed when he was simply because of the fact that Dulles knew Kennedy would take his side in the Congo dispute. Because of this probable tactical maneuver, Kennedy sent William Attwood to personally visit with Sekou Toure of Guinea since he understood what Lumumba meant to these new leaders. Attwood then briefed Kennedy on the meeting and Kennedy approved an extensive aid program for Guinea which included funding for a future dam. (p. 63) Then, after personally speaking with the nation’s ambassador in Washington, he sent his brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, to the country for a goodwill visit. Toure’s discussion with Shriver confirmed that Kennedy’s policy was correct. Toure said, “We don’t want to become an extension of any foreign political, economic or military system – or a colony of the Soviet Union , the United States, or anybody.” (p. 64) He said that with all the problems colonialism had left him with, he had no time for “ideological abstractions.” Shriver replied that the USA had no intent to Americanize any country, but he believed that the rich must share the fruits of the earth with the poor to begin to form a basis for equality. Toure liked Shriver so much that he invited him to meet with his entire cabinet. The two then went on an impromptu 160 mile motorcade drive through the countryside, occasionally stopping to give speeches. These speeches would occasionally be finalized with cheers of, “Long live the United States! Long live President Kennedy!” (ibid) When Shriver returned he said that he saw pictures of Toure and Kennedy inside the huts in the poorest villages. He saw none of Castro or Khrushchev. In fact, Toure later kicked out the Soviet ambassador for creating Marxist study groups among students. (p. 67)

    Kennedy then invited Toure to visit Washington. Kennedy actually greeted him at the airport. He then took him to the White House to meet his wife and child and share a glass of sherry. At a luncheon that followed, Toure offered a public toast to his host by saying, “Africa is independent today thanks to people like yourself.” (p. 68) When he returned home, he told his countrymen that he thought Kennedy fully understood the special problems they faced and was committed to helping them find solutions.

    In 1963, Shriver visited the country again to inaugurate a trade fair. Toure stood beside him and said that African leaders must now realize the value of working with the USA. Further, that American help “is contrary to what we were told, the most disinterested, the most effective and the most responsive to our real needs.” After the first meeting of the Organization for African Unity in May of 1963, Toure sent Kennedy a letter briefing him about the proceedings. He had rejected offers of French and Russian aid and wished to cooperate with Kennedy on a resolution to the Congo crisis. As the reader can see, Kennedy had moved Toure from being alienated by the Congo crisis and sympathetic to the USSR, to being very much in the Kennedy camp. It had been so sensitively and skillfully done that even Eisenhower’s former ambassador to Guinea praised Kennedy’s accomplishment. (p. 71)

    Another revolutionary leader who was deeply disappointed by America’s handling of the Congo crisis and the killing of Lumumba was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. The USSR tried to take advantage of this by changing the name of one of its colleges to Patrice Lumumba University. The USSR also told Nkrumah that it would help him build a dam on the Volta River and invite him to Moscow for a state visit. (p. 77)

    Kennedy wanted not so much to move Nkrumah into the American camp but to keep him neutral or non-aligned. This is a key point that Muehlenbeck wants to make. Whereas Eisenhower and Dulles considered neutrality a sin, or in some cases – as with Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia – almost as bad as communism, Kennedy welcomed it. As with Shriver’s discussion with Toure, JFK understood that when a person was in desperate straits, it did not matter who sent the help. Therefore he considered non-alignment to constitute a level playing field. As long as America was intent on understanding and solving problems, he could compete and win in this contest with the USSR.

    Therefore in order to keep Nkrumah in the non-aligned camp, he arranged to meet with him in Washington. Kennedy thoroughly explained to him what his stance on Congo was. (Click here for a summary of JFK’s policy there.) Nkrumah then told Kennedy that he was not a communist and there was not a single organized communist party in sub-Sahara Africa. Kennedy understood all this since his special economic advisor on African affairs was English economist Barbara Ward. Ward was very interested in helping colonized economies develop out of poverty. And she was particularly friendly with Nkrumah. She was intent on convincing Kennedy to back the Volta River Dam project which she knew was very important to both Ghana and its leader Nkrumah. She told JFK that if he did not do this, then as with Nasser and the Aswan Dam, Nkrumah would get help from the Russians for it. (p. 82)

    Kennedy took her advice. He personally intervened with the World Bank to get approval for the dam. But the mercurial Nkrumah visited Moscow anyway. Kennedy was urged by many to drop Nkrumah at this point. He was even encouraged to do so by his father and his brother Robert Kennedy. But Ward was steady in insisting this would be a mistake. She told Kennedy that not only would Kennedy’s aid on this turn Nkrumah, it would serve as a great example to the young nations of Africa to show that the USA understood them on a non-ideological basis. Kennedy decided to stay the course with Ward. He wrote her, “We have put quite a few chips on a very dark horse indeed, but I believe the gamble is worthwhile.” (p. 87) He understood that by cooperating with Nkrumah it would particularly help him with Nkrumah’s colleague, the first president of Senegal, Leopold Sedar Senghor. In fact, Kennedy did something Eisenhower or Dulles would never do: he actually asked Senghor for advice on the issue. Senghor told him to commit to the project. Kennedy took the advice and did so. (p. 90) Kennedy also decided that to keep Nkrumah non-aligned, he had to switch to a more sympathetic ambassador. So he appointed another staunch advocate of civil rights and African nationalism to the post, William Mahoney. With these moves, the dam project went forward with American help, and Nkrumah stayed in the non-aligned camp. This greatly helped the American image in Africa.

    IV

    As Muehlenbeck notes, Kennedy and his ambassador to the United Nations, Adlai Stevenson, did something else that Eisenhower and John Foster Dulles never did. And they did it less than two months after Kennedy was sworn in. On March 15, 1961 Stevenson startled the diplomatic world by casting a vote in favor of a Liberian resolution calling for a reform program to gain the independence of Angola from Portugal. In voting against an original NATO ally, Kennedy and Stevenson were voting with the USSR. Further, America was voting against France and England, its two most important allies in Europe. In doing so, Kennedy fulfilled a campaign promise he had made. He had said he would not allow the USA to abstain from every UN resolution, or trade its vote for other supposed gains in order to seek to “prevent subjugated people from being heard.” (p. 97) Even the usually somnolent New York Times understood the significance of Stevenson’s vote. The Grey Lady called this, “a major shift in American foreign policy on the part of the Kennedy administration” and in ” a very real sense a new Declaration of Independence.” (ibid) Kennedy understood that if he had not done this, it would have been a blow to his non-aligned policy. For then the USSR would have been the only great power in the Caucasian world to side against colonialism.

    To put it mildly, the Portugese did not like the vote. Twenty thousand Portugese citizens picketed the American embassy in Lisbon. They actually began stoning the compound. Truman’s Secretary of State Dean Acheson criticized Kennedy for voting against a NATO ally. Kennedy further antagonized Portugal by organizing a scholarship program for Angolan students and aiding the Angolan rebels. (p. 102)

    Kennedy understood that this vote would greatly help him with the emerging leaders, and especially with Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika. Because when Neyerere went to the UN in 1954 to lobby for such a resolution for his country, Dulles and Eisenhower limited the young African freedom fighter to a 24 hour visa and an 8 block travel radius for visitation. So Nyerere saw that this 1961 vote signaled a sea change. He visited Kennedy in Washington in July of 1961 and later became close friends with Robert Kennedy. (p. 100) This was in spite of the fact that upon Tanganyika’s independence it was one of the worst off nations in Africa: 85% of the inhabitants were illiterate, less than half of the children were in school and the country had no university. (p. 105) Kennedy further angered Portugal by backing Eduardo Mondlane of Mozambique, another Portguese colony. Mondlane was the leader of the rebel group FRELIMO. He was assassinated in 1969. Many believe it was by the Portugese secret services.

    How far was Kennedy willing to go in order to get Portugal to set free all of its African colonies? How about bribery. He actually offered to give Portugal a stipend of 500 million dollars a year for eight years if they would do so. Which in today’s currency would probably be about 16 billion dollars. Portugal turned it down. (p. 107)

    As with Congo, Kennedy’s policy was so radical that it now began to be attacked by conservatives in congress. Senator John Tower of Texas called Kennedy’s African policy a “horrendous failure”. He said Kennedy had waged an indiscriminate anti-colonial crusade. Referring to the autocratic Prime Minister of Portugal Antonio Salazar, Tower declared that “if Angola and Mozambique are wrested from Portugal, the fall of the Salazar government is a possibility … In turn the succession of a pro-communist government is not unlikely.” To complete the specter of communism, he then added that this is what happened with Castro in Cuba. (p. 115) But as with the opposition of Senator Thomas Dodd on Congo, Kennedy proceeded anyway. He now announced an arms embargo against South Africa and the integration of all American facilities there. (p. 118)

    Muehlenbeck concludes that this program by Kennedy against Portugal was so radical that even people in his own State Department rebelled against it. Especially when Salazar now began to use landing rights in the Azores as a counterweight to get Kennedy to let up. Because of the Missile Crisis, Kennedy partly did let up. But the author concludes that no other president to that time did more to “support African nationalism and oppose South African apartheid” than did Kennedy. As Nyerere said, “The Americans are trying to adjust themselves to Russia, thanks to Kennedy … Kennedy – I have great respect for that man; he was a good man, a great man.” (p. 121) As we will see, Nyerere’s hopes were later dashed by Johnson and Nixon.

    V

    Perhaps the most fascinating part of Betting on the Africans is the section on Kennedy’s relations with Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt. As noted above, in light of John Foster Dulles’ relation with Nasser, Kennedy had his work cut out for him on this front. But he was intent on trying to make sure that Nasser stayed non-aligned, and further that the United States not be seen as being closely allied with the royalist nation of Saudi Arabia. Kennedy understood that the geography and location of Egypt, plus the fact that Nasser was seen as an Arab nationalist in Africa made him a crucial leader in both Africa and the Middle East. But beyond that, Kennedy also understood that Nasser was a charismatic and active politician who understood that he could influence events and leaders both on his continent and in the Arab world. In a clear reference to the Dulles-Nasser imbroglio over Aswan, Kennedy said:

    If we can learn the lessons of the past – if we can refrain from pressing our case so hard that the Arabs feel their neutrality and nationalism are threatened, the Middle East can become an area of strength and hope. (p. 124)

    In light of what has happened today in that sector, Kennedy’s words seem as wise as they are forlorn.

    Kennedy appointed Dr. John S. Badeau as the American ambassador to Egypt. Badeau headed the Near East Foundation, he spoke Arabic and probably had more knowledge of the history of Egypt than any other American. Plus, he already knew both Nasser and Speaker of the National Assembly Anwar El Sadat. Kennedy thought that the USA had to ally itself with men like Nasser rather than with the corrupt and conservative Arab regimes which really did not have any popular support. And he told McGeorge Bundy to put improved relations with Egypt near the top of his foreign policy objectives for the New Frontier. One of his first acts was to offer Nasser a ten million dollar grant to preserve ancient monuments in the Nile Valley. (p. 125)

    Like others, Nasser was befuddled by the American conduct in the Congo crisis. But after seeing how Kennedy reversed Eisenhower’s policies there, he toned down both his anti-American and anti-Israeli rhetoric. (p. 127) In return, after Syria left the United Arab Republic in 1961, Kennedy extended 500 million dollars in loans to Egypt to stabilize the economy.

    But to further show his favoritism toward Nasser, Kennedy did something to demonstrate his breakage with the Dulles-Eisenhower policy. Saudi Arabian monarch King Saud had to take up residence in a Boston hospital for a medical condition in 1961. As Muehlenbeck writes, “For Kennedy the Saudi monarchy was an archaic relic of the past and Nasser was the wave of the future.” (p. 133) So not only did Kennedy not visit Saud in the hospital, even though it was his hometown, he instead went to Palm Beach, Florida so as not to even be near him. To Kennedy, Saud exemplified brutality, cronyism, and economic and civil rights abuses. After constant badgering from the State Department, Kennedy did visit Saud after he left the hospital and went to a convalescent home. But on his way he said to his companion, “What am I doing calling on this guy.” (p. 134)

    How far did Kennedy go in his backing of Nasser? During the civil war in Yemen, Nasser backed Abdullah al-Sallal against the last Mutawakklite King of Yemen, Muhammad al-Badr. Saudi Arabia supported Badr in order to beat back Nasser and nationalism. To show his support for Nasser, Kennedy recognized al-Sallal. He did this even when both Harold McMillan of England and Golda Meir of Israel criticized him for doing so. (p. 135) Kennedy finally sent veteran diplomat Ellsworth Bunker to broker a Nasser-Saud deal to pull out their support. Nasser cooperated only because of his admiration for Kennedy. In fact, Kennedy was so supportive of Nasser and Ben Bella of Algeria that the senate passed the Gruening Amendment to limit his aid to both of them. As the author notes, Kennedy’s support for Nasser and Bella stalled the growth of anti-Americanism throughout the Middle East.

    To illustrate just how determined Kennedy was in having the new nations of Africa stay independent and not be subject to imperialism from any sector, Muehlenbeck notes that President Kennedy decided that if he had to butt heads with Charles DeGaulle over Africa, then he would do so. Prior to Kennedy, Eisenhower and Dulles clearly let France have its way in Francophone Africa. Their conduct during the Algerian War for independence typified this stance. And when Kennedy criticized their inability to confront France on the issue, Eisenhower and Dulles then attacked Kennedy. Kennedy also understood that although France granted many of their states freedom in 1960, DeGaulle planned on keeping optimum influence there and other countries out of that sphere. For instance, on the day independence was made legal, France did not invite any other foreign dignitaries to the ceremonies. Further, DeGaulle favored those states which decided to stay affiliated with France instead of those who wanted to break away completely. For instance, he gave only one of the former French states aid, and it was the paltry sum of $100, 000. Kennedy targeted the countries ignored by France. By 1962, he had given them 30 million dollars. (p. 161) Further, DeGaulle backed Moise Tshombe in the Congo crisis. (p. 166)

    Therefore, Kennedy saw French influence in Africa as being retrograde. And he decided he was going to compete with France in Africa even if it meant endangering his alliance with DeGaulle. He sent an ambassador to each former French colony and offered each one an aid package. He even decided to compete with France in places she was strongest, like the Ivory Coast. In Gabon, which had large deposits of uranium, Kennedy decided to actually back the opposition to the French leaning leader. In fact, the American ambassador there actually met with the opposition leaders. Kennedy was so interested in this issue that he commissioned a paper in November of 1963 to study all the French objectives and strategies in Africa and to come up with ways to counter them.

    VI

    All of this paid off royally during the Cuban Missile Crisis. There was a great fear by the Pentagon that if the crisis was prolonged and the quarantine line had to be maintained for a long time, the Russians would use air strips in Africa to create and sustain a huge airlift project. This would be similar to what the USA and President Truman did during the Berlin Airlift. Therefore, to stop that contingency from happening Kennedy had to target the countries that could make this possible and have them agree to deny the Russians both overflight rights and refueling stops. The total of requests made was to 16 nations: 5 for refueling and 11 for overflights.

    Nkrumah wanted to see the evidence that the Russians were actually installing missiles in Cuba. When the ambassador showed him the U-2 photos, Nkrumah wrote a letter to Kennedy saying, “I appeal to you personally in the name of humanity to see to it that this calamity is averted. The world will be greatly beholden to you if you can save it at this critical moment.” (p. 218)

    In Senegal, Senghor was in a tough situation since he had an agreement with Czechoslovakia for refueling rights. Kennedy sent him a personal letter which arrived in the middle of the night. Senghor awoke when he heard it was from Kennedy. He then called a cabinet meeting. The vote was to refuse the refueling rights. (p. 218) This decision was so unpopular that there was a leftist coup against Senghor two months later which failed.

    In the end all 16 requests were accepted. The Russian airlift was thwarted before it could begin. This reviewer has never seen this important aspect of the Missile Crisis explicated nearly as well as it is here.

    As the author notes, Kennedy’s extraordinary activism in Africa was made all the more exceptional when one considers the fact that very few people knew or cared about these new countries. And further, that there was no significant export or import market there. Africa made up only 3% of the American export market. In fact, if Kennedy had abided by European colonialism, businesses would have liked it more. Because corporations looked upon the new leaders of Africa as too mercurial and their nations too unstable for large investments. All in all, Kennedy had more official visits with African heads of state than any previous president. And, in constant dollars, he gave more foreign aid to Africa per year than any president ever. (p. 224) Kennedy ignored the business aspect in order to stay true to his vision. Or as one State Department officer said, “Kennedy had successfully changed our foreign policy alignment from an east-west rivalry to a north-south struggle for mutual understanding and cooperation.” (p. 227) Another said, “Africans were revolutionaries overthrowing colonial powers and that is what Kennedy was in their minds, he was a revolutionary leader – young and overthrowing the colonial powers.”

    This, of course was all dropped when LBJ became president. As the author notes, Johnson had little interest in Africa and was much more focused on Vietnam. (p. 231) He did not even know where Nkrumah was from. Johnson was criticized by Ben Bella and Nasser for his tilt toward Israel in the 1967 war. When Johnson favored Moise Tshombe in Congo, Stevenson said that the USA had gone from champions to being viewed as badly as the Belgians in Africa. Nixon then cut aid to Africa to 29% of its 1962 sum and targeted only ten countries with it. The brief and great years of understanding and aid were over. The decades of neglect would now begin.

    But the memory lingered. When Harris Wofford visited Africa in the late eighties he said that “in the homes of ordinary people no other American president or world leader had joined the faded photographs of Kennedy.” (p. 233) The first leader of Cameroon, Ahmadou Ahidjo, kept a huge picture of Kennedy in the reception room of his residential compound for decades after his death. He would greet his guests there by pointing to it and saying, “Well, that’s my hero.” (p. 253)

    When news of Kennedy’s murder arrived in Africa the outpouring of grief was overwhelming. In Nairobi, Kenya 6,000 people crammed into a cathedral for a memorial service. Sekou Toure said “I have lost my only true friend in the outside world.” He then issued a stamp in honor of Kennedy. (p. 227) Ben Bella called the American embassy and was obviously shaken. Weepingly he said, “I don’t believe it. Believe me, I’d rather it happen to me than him.” (ibid) A week later he named a large square in a suburb of Algiers after Kennedy, the first time that had happened with a non-African. Neyerere stayed up late listening to the news from Dallas. He then went to sleep. He then got up in the middle of the night, dressed and went to his office. He then exclaimed, “My God why have I dressed, why have I come here? There is nothing any of us can do about it.” When Nasser heard the news he sank into a deep depression. The entire film of Kennedy’s funeral was then shown four times on Cairo television. (p. 228) When Nkrumah got the news he called the ambassador. He asked him if there was anything he could do. The ambassador said he could say a prayer. Nkrumah replied, “I am already on my knees.” The president of the Ivory Coast declared two days of national mourning. When the American ambassador to that country arrived at work the next morning, there was a strange man waiting for him. He told him he had no official business. He ran a shop about forty miles away. He said, “I came here this morning to simply say that I never knew President Kennedy. I never saw President Kennedy. But he was my friend.” (p. 228) As one magazine in Africa wrote, “Not even the death of Hammarskjold dismayed Africans as much as did the death of John Kennedy.”

    Philip Muehlenbeck has done a laudatory job in further elucidating a complex subject and a complex man. Showing us all that 50 years later, we are still discovering new things about Kennedy’s incredibly complex view of the world. By doing so, and by showing the difference between Kennedy and what came before and after him, he helps us understand why the prime minister of Somalia later said that “the memory of Kennedy is always alive in us Africans.” These are the kind of books we need today about the presidency of John F. Kennedy. A book like this is worth two by Thurston Clarke and five by Robert Dallek. Muehlenbeck did what the historian is supposed to do. He has forged new frontiers by finding new facts. His book joins the short shelf of volumes that are necessary in understanding who President Kennedy really was. And also, perhaps, why he was assassinated.

  • Yes, there was a cover-up:  The JFK assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald and the ‘Magic Bullet Theory’

    Yes, there was a cover-up: The JFK assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald and the ‘Magic Bullet Theory’


    By Oliver Stone and Zachary Sklar

    (originally a Chicago Tribune commentary, 9-18-13)


    In his opinion article “Who needs facts when you have conspiracy theorists?” (Sept. 6), Cory Franklin asserts that the film JFK is “far removed from historical accuracy” and “is full of distortions and outright falsehoods,” yet he offers not a single specific example. As co-screenwriters of the film, we want to assure Franklin and your readers that we made every effort to be as accurate and true to historical fact as possible.

    The film is based on two source-noted nonfiction books and two years of our own additional research, including hundreds of interviews. We have published an annotated screenplay, JFK: The Book of the Film, that provides source notes for every fact in the film and labels clearly what is speculation, where there has been compositing of characters and where dramatic license has been taken.

    Franklin’s labeling of the film as “a propaganda piece meant to demonize a covert, evil, right-wing paramilitary group” makes us wonder if he has ever seen the film. It bears no resemblance to the film we made, which depicts various scenarios of what might have happened in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, but most prominently explores the possibility that the CIA was involved.

    Franklin repeats the Warren Commission’s long-discredited conclusion that “Lee Harvey Oswald shot President John F. Kennedy,” but offers zero evidence to support this claim. The facts lead to a very different conclusion.

    1. Lee Oswald was given a nitrate test after his arrest, and it proved that he had not fired a rifle that day.
    2. According to his fellow Marines, Oswald was a mediocre marksman at best.
    3. The most skilled FBI sharpshooters tried to duplicate the shooting feat within the time frame set out by the Zapruder film and failed.
    4. The Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, the weapon Oswald was alleged to have used, is well-known to gun dealers as one of the least accurate rifles ever made, and the particular one Oswald allegedly used had a defective sight.
    5. Warren Commission staffer (later U.S. senator) Arlen Specter’s “Magic Bullet Theory,” which attempted to account for the seven wounds in Kennedy and Texas Gov. John Connally with only two bullets, defies the laws of physics and strains the credulity of any reasonable person.
    6. Fifty-one eyewitnesses interviewed by the Warren Commission testified that they heard or saw shots from the grassy knoll of Dealey Plaza in front of the president, not the Texas School Book Depository in back, meaning there had to have been a second gunman.
    7. The Zapruder film clearly shows the president’s head and body snapped back when hit by the third shot, meaning that it came from in front, not behind.
    8. The House Select Committee on Assassinations’ 1979 investigation concluded that there was a fourth shot and a “probable conspiracy,” based on acoustical evidence contained on a police Dictabelt recorder. In 2001, a more sophisticated acoustical study published in Science and Justice, a publication of Britain’s Forensic Science Society, confirmed the House committee’s conclusions.

    Our film does not come to a firm conclusion about who was responsible for the Kennedy assassination, but it does reject the Warren Commission’s lone-gunman theory as implausible at best – a conclusion that 90 percent of the American people share, according to polls.

    Finally, Franklin attempts to tarnish the reputation of former New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison by saying that his case against Clay Shaw, charged with conspiring to assassinate Kennedy, was “quickly laughed out of court.” The truth is that Garrison’s case was sabotaged by the federal government and never had a fair day in court. Every one of Garrison’s attempts to extradite key witnesses from other states was rejected – something that had never happened in his six previous years as district attorney. His routine requests for important evidence such as X-rays and photos from the president’s autopsy, andtax records and intelligence files on Oswald, were denied. Federal prosecutors refused to serve his subpoenas on CIA officials such as Allen Dulles and Richard Helms. Garrison’s office phones were tapped, and Garrison and his staff were followed by FBI agents. Key witnesses were bribed or died under mysterious circumstances. And the district attorney’s files were stolen and turned over to Shaw’s defense counsel before the trial began.

    Not the least of these successful efforts at sabotage was the attempt to destroy Garrison’s personal credibility. We know now, as a result of released Freedom of Information documents, that defamatory and false articles about Garrison were planted in the mainstream press as part of a smear campaign orchestrated by the CIA to discredit critics of the Warren Commission. All of these facts are source-noted in our annotated screenplay.

    We worked closely with Garrison for several years and knew him well. He was an honest, highly intelligent and courageous man. We believe the American people, including Cory Franklin, should thank Garrison for standing up for the truth about the JFK assassination against the full power of the United States government’s cover-up.

  • Thurston Clarke, JFK’s Last Hundred Days


    Thurston Clarke has now written three books in a row on the Kennedys. Since 2004, he has written two books on President Kennedy and one on Senator Robert Kennedy. The subtitle of his present book is “The Transformation of a Man and the Emergence of a Great President”. I disagree with the both the title and the subtitle.

    First of all, it would have been grand if Clarke had really just focused on the last hundred days of the Kennedy administration. For Kennedy was doing some remarkable things both at home and abroad in the last three months of his presidency. And although Clarke addresses some of them adequately, he also ignores some of them completely. For instance, there is not one sentence in the book about the epochal Congo crisis. One which both UN chairman Dag Hammarskjold and President Kennedy dealt with – Kennedy for the entire three years he was in office. This is even more bewildering since two years before Clarke published his book, Susan Miller released her milestone volume on the death of Hammarskjold, Who Killed Hammarskjold? That book was so compelling in its argument for foul play that it caused a new United Nations inquiry into the case. That inquiry recommended the case be reopened.

    Clarke also does not mention the name of Achmed Sukarno, the president of Indonesia in 1963. A man who Kennedy understood and appreciated as a leader of the Non-Aligned nations movement. A movement which Kennedy respected and was in agreement with. In fact, with almost no exceptions, there is not anything in the book of any substance about Kennedy’s policies toward these Third World nations in Asia and Africa. Even though there have now been three crucial books written on the subject: Richard Mahoney’s JFK: Ordeal in Africa in 1983, Philip Muehlenbeck’s Betting on the Africans, and Robert Rokave’s Kennedy, Johnson and the Nonaligned World, the last two both published in 2012. And considering the miracles of speed in the publishing world these days, Clarke could have consulted both of the latter for his book. Evidently, he wasn’t interested. Which is surprising since he studied at the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies.

    But by largely ignoring these aspects of Kennedy’s life and presidency, he can keep up the idea that somehow Kennedy was “transformed” in his last hundred days. Even though Kennedy broke with Eisenhower’s policies in Congo and Indonesia in 1961. (Destiny Betrayed, Second Edition, pgs. 28-33) Even though, in a rather jarring vacuum, he never explains how or why this alleged transformation took place in those last 100 days. Further, Clarke does not really isolate the last hundred days of Kennedy’s presidency. He often wanders astray from the book’s titled focus. In his discussion of the creation of the back channel to Fidel Castro, which Kennedy was working very hard on toward the end, he flashes back to when it began, which was after the Missile Crisis. (Clarke pgs. 190-92) Another example: In his discussion of Kennedy’s Vietnam policy, he actually flashes all the way back to Representative Kennedy’s visit to Saigon in 1951. (Clarke, p. 54)

    That visit in 1951 to Saigon was a puzzling one for Clarke to include. Because what he is referring to there is the meeting between Kennedy, his brother Robert, and American diplomat Edmund Gullion. Mahoney first depicted this episode in his milestone book. And to his credit, Clarke explains its importance in the development of young JFK’s thinking. For Gullion explained to the young congressman that the French attempt to recolonize Vietnam would not succeed. Mainly because the desire by the Vietnamese to be free of imperial influence was now too strong. Therefore, it could not be muzzled. As Mahoney explained, this discussion had a very strong impact on Kennedy’s thinking. And he now began to rebel against the established orthodoxies of the leading statesmen of the Democrats (Dean Acheson) and the Republicans (John Foster Dulles). But in spite of this, when Clarke then addresses some of the things Kennedy said in the presidential race in 1960, he writes that “Kennedy’s cold war rhetoric was not an act” and that he “subscribed to the domino theory… ” (p. 56)

    Yet to show how muddled his presentation is, directly after this, Clarke says something that contradicts what he just wrote. He notes that, soon after he was elected, it became clear to Kennedy’s staff that, if Kennedy was a cold warrior, “he was a fairly non violent one … ” (ibid) He goes on to add that Kennedy talked tough in certain situations, but when push came to shove, he would not commit combat troops. Which, to most people, would seem to indicate that he was not really a cold warrior. And, in fact, Clarke later uses a revealing quote from National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy in this regard. Bundy told his assistant Marcus Raskin, “You know there are only two pacifists in the White House, you and Kennedy.” (p. 217) Bundy, who should know, also told author Gordon Goldstein for the book Lessons in Disaster, that Kennedy did not buy into the domino theory. That book was published in 2009. Clarke includes it in his bibliography. Apparently, he missed, or forgot, that important passage. That Clarke wanted to have it both ways on this indicated to me that he was a rather compromised author.

    Another telltale issue in this regard was his use of Ellen Rometsch. Rometsch was born in East Germany and was a member of the communist party there. She then fled to West Germany. She married a pilot who was later stationed to Washington. While there, she began to attend a social club called the Quorum Club. This was set up by Lyndon Johnson’s former aide Bobby Baker. When Baker got into legal trouble with the Justice Department, Rometsch now became a political football between Baker and the Kennedys. Was she really a spy? Did she have an affair with JFK? Clarke keeps up this trail of innuendo throughout a large part of the book. It isn’t until near the end that he finally has to write that an FBI inquiry ultimately found that there was no connection between the woman and anyone in the White House. (p. 267) This is the same conclusion that researcher Peter Vea came to after going through all the FBI papers on the subject he could find at the National Archives. Why did the author waste our time and his if he knew the end result?

    In addition to using Bobby Baker as a source, Clarke also uses people like Traphes Bryant. Bryant was the dog keeper at the White House. He later wrote a trashy book about his days there. But Clarke then goes beyond that. He actually sinks to David Heymann levels. I never thought I would see the day when a mainstream historian would use a book by Tempest Storm, who, no surprise, also claimed she had an affair with Kennedy. But, if you can believe it, Clarke does so. Author Jerry Kroth once wrote that if one bought into all the women who said they had affairs with JFK, one gets into the same problem writers have with James Dean. The actor simply did not live long enough to have all those affairs. Well, Kennedy wasn’t in the White House long enough to have that many affairs. (Kroth checked the number. With Mimi Alford, who Clarke also buys into, its now up to 33.)

    And then there is Ben Bradlee. Clarke has done some fairly extensive archival research. And he also did some notable interviews. So its puzzling why he would also include references to Ben Bradlee’s 1975 book Conversations with Kennedy. First of all, Bradlee had a complex relationship with JFK. Some would call it ambiguous, in the sense that it is hard to figure out. Although Bradlee and Kennedy were supposed to be friends, Bradlee’s book is not really a friendly tome. He begins the book by saying that he thought the effect Kennedy had on the populace was due more to flash and dash than any real substance. (Probe, Vol. 4 No. 6, p. 30) He then says that he thought Kennedy was the recipient of a good press while in office. Both of these assertions are quite specious. For instance, Professor Donald Gibson, in his underrated book Battling Wall Street, examines the kind of stories that appeared in the magazines controlled by Henry Luce: Time, Life and Fortune. For instance, it the last publication which was used by Allen Dulles to get out his self-serving cover story for the debacle at the Bay of Pigs. (DiEugenio, Destiny Betrayed, pgs. 53-55). It was that journal which Dulles and Howard Hunt used to issue the black propaganda that President Kennedy had cancelled the so-called D-Day air strikes. And it was this loss of nerve that had doomed the invasion. When in fact, these strikes had never been approved and were contingent of the Cuban exiles securing a beachhead, which they never did. (ibid, pgs. 45-46) This is only one example among many which belies the idea that Kennedy was the recipient of “good press”.

    Bradlee writes that he did not think that foreign policy was Kennedy’s particular field of expertise. (ibid, Probe, p. 30.) Which was ridiculous for even 1975. Especially considering the horrendous results that occurred after Johnson reversed almost every one of Kennedy’s major policy shifts. (See DiEugenio, pgs. 367-77) But none of this deterred Clarke from using the unreliable Bradlee as a source, sometimes for almost an entire page of material. Even when what the Washington Post editor is saying clearly does not align with the other facts in Clarke’s book.

    Consider what Clarke writes on page 284 about Kennedy and Vietnam and then Kennedy and the Dominican Republic. Concerning the former, Bradlee writes that in looking at a photo of American servicemen dancing with bar girls in Saigon, JFK said, “If I was running things in Saigon, I’d have those G.I.’s in the front lines tomorrow.” Clarke does not ask the obvious question about his source: Mr. Bradlee, your friend Kennedy had three years to put those advisors into the front lines as combat troops and he did not. So why would he say that to you, and to no one else? Bradlee then tops this one. And Clarke dutifully parrots it. Bradlee comments on the coming to power of leftist Juan Bosch in the Dominican Republic. The Washington Post editor says that Kennedy was torn “about whether to order the CIA to orchestrate an antigovernment student demonstration there.” If you can believe it, Bradlee counters JFK by saying, “How would you feel if the Soviets did the same thing her?” Bradlee then tops himself by saying Kennedy had no reply to this. And Clarke buys into all of it.

    That story by Bradlee is even more ridiculous than the one Clarke recited about Vietnam. And like the inclusion of people like Bryant, Tempest Storm and Baker, it shows just how well Clarke knows how to honor the sacred cows of the MSM in order to stay a part of the club. The problem is that when one does this, the historian jettisons what is supposed to be his real task: informing the reader of the true facts about his subject. Someone like Gibson does care about the facts. Therefore in his book, which Clarke does not source at all, Gibson understands that Kennedy actually liked Juan Bosch of the Dominican Republic. He even advised him on how to run his economy. Once Bosch was overthrown by the rightwing powers on the island with the military in cahoots, Kennedy immediately spearheaded a program of diplomatic and economic sanctions against the new regime. It actually began within hours of him hearing about the overthrow. Kennedy actually led this growing hemisphere wide movement which was picking up steam at the time of his death. Within one month, the Dominican Republic was wincing at the isolation Kennedy had condemned them to. (Gibson, Battling Wall Street, pgs. 78-79)

    Like several other policies, this one was actually reversed by President Johnson. When Bosch was threatening to retake his office, Johnson, Dean Rusk and Assistant Secretary Thomas Mann began to justify intervention by saying that communists were involved in the revolt. Bosch denied all this and said there was hardly any communist influence in the Dominican Republic at all. (ibid, p. 79) Therefore, within 18 months, Johnson reversed Kennedy’s policy and invaded the Dominican Republic to prevent Bosch from returning to power. If Clarke had taken a more expansive view of who Kennedy was, and how he looked at the so-called “non-aligned world”, he would not have been a sucker for the likes of the CIA friendly Ben Bradlee.

    II

    To give Clarke his due, there are some good things in the book. For instance, he makes it fairly clear just how important the 1963 test ban treaty was to Kennedy. For Kennedy told Ted Sorenson that he would have gladly forfeited his re-election bid as long as the treaty passed. (p. 30) And later on, Clarke notes just how hard Kennedy worked to make sure the treaty passed. Which it did by a resounding 80-19 vote. (p. 194) Kennedy was so enamored of this achievement that he started to campaign on it, in of all places, the western states. Even at the home of the Minuteman missiles. (p. 198) And once it was secured of passage, Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko wanted more agreements made with the Russians. President Kennedy in turn suggested a mutual cooperation in the space race. (pgs. 101-103) To my knowledge, Clarke is the first MSM author to mention this fact. And he stays with the argument throughout most of the book. In fact, Clarke notes a discussion Kennedy had with James Webb of NASA trying to figure if the space program could achieve just about all that was needed by being unmanned. (p. 175) Finally, Kennedy ordered Webb to seek cooperation with the USSR in space. (p. 308) In furtherance of detente, Clarke also mentions the 1963 wheat deal to the Russians that Kennedy rammed through. Among many, Lyndon Johnson was critical of this move. He actually called it the worst mistake that Kennedy ever made. (p. 221)

    Clarke devotes some time to the fact that, as a senator, Kennedy wrote a brief book (actually a pamphlet) called A Nation of Immigrants. It has been almost completely ignored by just about everyone in the discussion of Kennedy’s presidency. Clarke calls it “possibly the most passionate, bitter, and controversial book ever written by a serious presidential candidate.” (p. 156) The book celebrated the whole idea of the “melting pot” of America. But it also criticized the bias that contemporary immigration laws had toward Europeans, especially Anglo-Saxons. In fact, Kennedy concluded the book with a rapier attack on the 1958 status of American immigration laws. He first quoted the famous words on the base of the Liberty Bell: “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.” Kennedy added to this by saying that until 1921 this was relatively accurate. But after then, it was more appropriate to add, “as long as they come from Northern Europe, are not too tired or to poor or slightly ill, never stole a loaf of bread, never joined a questionable organization, and can document their activities for the last two years.” (p. 157)

    Kennedy understood that the present immigration laws made it difficult for people from eastern and southern Europe to get to the USA, and made it all but impossible for Asians to enter the country. By being blind to race and ethnicity, Kennedy’s immigration bill tried to redress these injustices. It was finally passed after his death. (p. 355)

    Clarke brings up another point that should be well known about Kennedy’s foreign policy. It has been mentioned in some previous books, like James Blight’s Virtual JFK. It was commonly known through Kennedy’s diplomatic corps that, in his second term, President Kennedy had planned on extending an olive branch to communist China. As Clarke notes, “His intention to change U.S. China policy was not a secret. He had told Marie Ridder that it was on his agenda for his second term, and Dean Rusk said they often discussed it, and he thought Kennedy would have reached out to the Chinese in 1965.” (p. 320)

    Clarke also has some incisive commentary on the extremely underrated Walter Heller. Heller was Kennedy’s chair of the Council of Economic Advisors. Kennedy was determined to get the economy into high gear since he thought the Eisenhower years were sluggish in economic performance. He and Heller brainstormed on how to get a Keynesian stimulus into the economy at the lowest possible cost to the consumer and the producer. They first discussed a large government-spending plan. But they figured they would not get the votes in congress for it. (Timothy Noah, The New Republic, 10/12/12) They finally decided on a tax cut on the marginal rates of income. Heller said this might produce a short-term deficit but it would eventually produce a long-term surplus. What made this proposal even more daring was the fact that the economy was already growing when Heller proposed it. Further, unemployment was only at 5%. In other words, many other presidents would have been satisfied with what they had. But as Clarke notes, Kennedy was determined to double the growth rate of Eisenhower, “preside over 8 recession free years, and leave office with the nation enjoying full employment.” (p. 178) The package worked extremely well. It eventually brought down unemployment to 3.8% in 1966. And tax revenue actually increased in 1964 and 1965. Heller’s design worked marvelously until President Johnson decided to greatly expand the Vietnam War without raising taxes. Heller knew this would cause an inflationary spiral. So he resigned.

    I wish Clarke had discussed a rather important historical point here. Since the birth of Arthur Laffer’s “supply-side” fantasies, many Republicans have used the Heller model to advocate tax cuts as being the magic elixir of the economy. Heller would laugh at them. Heller despised Milton Friedman and his acolytes; he used to poke fun at them. When Heller proposed the tax cut, marginal rates were at over 90%. He brought the top rate down to 70%. The bottom 85% got almost 60% of the benefits of the cuts. Therefore, it was not a cross the board tax cut. And it was not supply side oriented; it was demand oriented, since most of the benefits went to the middle and working class. That is a far cry from what Ronald Reagan proposed and passed. In fact, the top rate was twice as high after Heller’s cut than what the Reaganites proposed. Reagan’s cuts really were supply side oriented since most of the benefits went to the top end. (ibid, Noah)

    But with today’s grotesquely lopsided income distribution, any kind of Laffer style across the board tax cut will benefit the rich and ultra rich to a disproportionate degree. Further, there was still an effective corporate tax rate in 1963, and a significant capital gains tax. In other words, with Heller’s plan, the money saved in taxes would really go into consumer spending and investment. Not into Thorstein Veblen type conspicuous consumption. And as Donald Gibson has shown, Kennedy’s other economic policies rewarded the reinvestment and expansion of business. He did not reward globalization. Further, as his confrontation with Johnson showed, Heller was not at all for ballooning the deficit in the long run in order to exercise a short-term stimulus.

    Clarke also addresses a point that needs to be corrected. Lyndon Johnson did not originate the War on Poverty. Kennedy understood that a tax cut would not do the trick with alleviating poverty. In fact, he made the specific point about this in his State of the Union address in 1963. Heller was also concerned with this issue and warned JFK that America was experiencing a “drastic slowdown in the rate at which the economy is taking people out of poverty.” (p. 243) Heller decided this could not be remedied unless a specific program was devised to address it. About this proposed program Kennedy said, “Walter, first we’re going to get your tax cut, and then we’re going to get my expenditure program.” (ibid) He then told Heller, that the attack on poverty would be a part of his 1964 campaign.

    The book also reminds us that Kennedy’s Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Anthony Celebrezze, presented a Medicare Plan to congress in November of 1963. (p. 311) And Clarke goes on to add that, in large part, Johnson’s Great Society was a compendium of leftovers from Kennedy’s proposals and initiatives. (p. 355) And contrary to what Robert Caro wrote in his disappointing book The Passage of Power, there really was no mystery about what was going to happen with Kennedy’s agenda. His bills, including the tax cut bill and his civil rights bill, were going to pass. Unlike what Caro implies, Kennedy was good friends with Republican Senator Everett Dirksen, and he had already targeted him as the key vote for the civil rights bill. (p. 356) In fact, this was all known back in 1964. Because Look magazine had done an extensive survey about whether or not Kennedy’s program was going to pass if he had lived. This survey including dozens of interviews and the result showed that the Kennedy program was going to pass in 1964. It may have taken a bit longer, but there was little doubt it was going to pass.

    I should add one other interesting anecdote in the book. In 1961, a man named Ted Dealey was the publisher of the Dallas Morning News. Dealey had gone to the White House that year and told Kennedy that he and his advisors were a bunch of “weak sisters”. He added that “We need a man on horseback to lead this country, and many people in the southwest think you are riding Caroline’s tricycle.” (p. 339) Kennedy replied to this indirectly in a speech a few weeks later. Noting that Dealey had not served in World War II, he said that many people who have not fought in wars like the idea – until they are engaged in it. He added, that they call for a “man on horseback”, since they do not really trust the people. Very acutely, he then said they tend to equate democracy with socialism and socialism with communism. Kennedy concluded with “let our patriotism be reflected in the creation of confidence in one another, rather than in crusades of suspicion.”

    III

    With that anecdote about Ted Dealey included, I was surprised at what Clarke did near the end of the book. He starts to include things about the Secret Service that appear lifted from Gerald Blaine’s book, The Kennedy Detail, a volume that Vince Palamara all but eviscerated on this web site. For example Clarke says that Kennedy refused to place the bubble top on the limousine in Dallas. (p. 341) Yet Clarke does not include things like the attempt to kill Kennedy in Chicago, or the fact that the Secret Service was drinking hard liquor until three in the morning the evening before the assassination at Pat Kirkwood’s after hours bar. To his credit, Clarke does not say that three shots ran out in Dealey Plaza. But he does not say that Kennedy’s body slammed backward and to his left at the moment the fatal bullet struck. (p. 346)

    Clarke also mangles a couple of other events that occurred near the end. Although he is generally sound on Kennedy’s decision to withdraw from Vietnam, somehow he does not mention perhaps the most important find by the Assassination Records Review Board in this regard. Namely the record of the May, 1963 gathering in Hawaii called the Sec/Def meeting. (Probe, Vol. 5 No. 3, p. 18) The record of this meeting showed that Kennedy had already decided to withdraw from Vietnam even before the formal issuance of NSAM 263 in October, 1963. Which is why he himself directed the editing of the Taylor/McNamara report upon which that NSAM was based. (In an offbeat passage, Clarke has Bobby Kennedy editing the report. But both John Newman and Fletcher Prouty say that this was done by Victor Krulak and RFK, but at President Kennedy’s direction. See John Newman, JFK and Vietnam, p. 401)

    Then there is what Clarke does with his handling of the so-called “coup cable” of August 24, 1963, and its attendant results. The two best treatments of this whole episode that I know of are by John Newman in his 1992 book, and by Jim Douglass in JFK and the Unspeakable. Newman is very good on the sending of the cable. Douglass is good on what happened in Saigon between Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge and CIA officer Lucien Conein to ensure the worst possible result i. e. the killing of both Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother. Clarke is much too brief and sketchy about how the cable to Saigon ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge was sent, and what Lodge’s role was at the other end when he got it. Clarke spends about a page on these matters. (pgs. 90-91) Newman spends about six pages on the issue. (pgs. 345-51) And although Newman does minimal interpreting of the data he presents, he gives the reader enough information to see what was really happening between the lines.

    There was a faction inside the State Department that wanted to get rid of Diem, mainly because he could not control his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu. Nhu was chief of South Vietnam’s security apparatus. He had chosen to perform numerous crackdowns on Buddhist pagodas, and this had caused a national crisis in South Vietnam. It had culminated in the June 11th self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc. That event was announced in advance and was captured with American news cameras rolling. (Newman, p. 333) This crisis was ratcheted upward by the rather bizarre description of this shocking event by Nhu’s wife as a “barbecue”. That internationally televised event caused many in Washington to lose faith in the ability of Diem to lead his country against the growing effectiveness of the Viet Cong rebellion in the countryside.

    The faction inside the State Department who wished to be rid of Diem was led by Roger Hilsman, Averill Harriman, and Michael Forrestal. But it is clear from Newman’s discussion of the sending of the cable that this group had allies elsewhere e.g. in the CIA and in Saigon. Two South Vietnamese generals had met with CIA official Lucien Conein on the 21st and asked him if the USA would support a move against Diem. And Lodge had talked to both Harriman and Forrestal before leaving for Saigon. He understood they were not satisfied with Diem. Further, the sending of the ‘coup cable’ had been presaged by what Harriman had done the previous year with a peace feeler from North Vietnam. One that Kennedy wished to follow up on through John Kenneth Galbraith in India. In Gareth Porter’s book, The Perils of Dominance, he makes it clear that Harriman had deliberately distorted Kennedy’s instructions to Galbraith in order to sabotage a neutralization solution. (Porter, pgs. 167-69)

    The plotters waited until a weekend when nearly all the major principals in government were out of town. This included Kennedy, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, CIA Director John McCone, McNamara’s assistant Roswell Gilpatric and Krulak. With those six out of the direct loop, and Lodge in Vietnam, the circumstances were now optimal. On the 24th, Lodge had sent in some cables that seemed to indicate the military wanted to move against Diem. (Newman, p. 346) Once these cables came in, Hilsman, Harriman and Forrestal went to work drafting what came to be known as the Saturday Night Special. This cable said that Lodge should tell Diem to remove Nhu. If he did not, and reforms were not made, “We face the possibility that Diem himself cannot be preserved.” (ibid) The cable said that if Diem would not cooperate, “then we are prepared to accept the obvious implication that we can no longer support Diem.” Then came the kicker, “You may also tell appropriate military commanders we will give them direct support in any interim period of breakdown…” (ibid) It should be noted that Hilsman said that Rusk had cooperated with the drafting of the cable and actually inserted the sentence about support for the generals. Rusk vehemently denied this to author William Rust. (ibid, p. 347)

    When Kennedy was contacted in Boston, Forrestal told him it was urgent to get the cable out that night, for events were beginning to come unglued in Saigon. Kennedy asked that the cable be cleared by the other principals, and he specifically named McCone, probably since he knew McCone would not support it. McCone did not sign off on the cable. But the cabal told Kennedy that he had. Neither did Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Maxwell Taylor. (Ibid, p. 349) In fact, Taylor was not shown Cable 243 until after it was sent to Saigon. Once he saw it, he immediately realized that “the anti-Diem group centered in State had taken advantage of the absence of principal officials to get out instructions which would never have been approved as written under normal circumstances.” (ibid) But yet, Taylor did not call Kennedy to tell him he was being maneuvered into a corner.

    When the cable arrived in Saigon, Lodge ignored the wording about going to Diem and advising him about dismissing his brother. Instead, he went straight to the generals. On the 29th, Lodge then cabled Rusk that “We are launched on a course from which there is no respectable turning back. The overthrow of the Diem government. There is no possibility in my view that the war can be won under the Diem administration.” As Lodge told Stanley Karnow for the PBS special Vietnam: A Television History, Kennedy sent him a cancellation cable on the 30th. He now said that Lodge should not play any further role in encouraging the generals.

    But Lodge, who had just been sent to Saigon as ambassador to South Vietnam, seems to have had his mind made up upon his arrival. John Richardson was the CIA station chief there when Lodge arrived. Since Richardson supported Diem, and understood where Lodge was heading with him, there was tension between the two. Lodge eventually got Richardson removed from his post. (Washington Post, October 6, 1963) As Jim Douglass notes, this paved the way for the coup to go forward in early November, and then for Conein and Lodge to cooperate with the generals on the assassination of the brothers. (Douglass, pgs. 207-10)

    Almost every major point made above is somehow lost on Clarke. From the failure to get McCone to sign on, to the ultimate cooperation between Lodge and Conein to ensure the generals knew where the Nhu brothers were trying to hide and then escape. Which resulted in their deaths.

    Clarke also mangles the last month of Kennedy’s Cuba policy. He says that even in November, after the back channel to Castro was in high gear, Kennedy was still trying to overthrow Fidel. Yet, as many authors have pointed out, the anti-Castro efforts by this time had dribbled down to almost nothing. In the entire second half of 1963, there were five authorized raids into Cuba. The entire corps of commandoes the CIA could call upon totaled 50 men. (Destiny Betrayed, Second Edition, p. 70) Question for Clarke: How does one overthrow a government with 50 men? Desmond Fitzgerald, who ran the Cuba desk in 1963 agreed. He later said that this effort was completely inadequate to the task and recommended it be scrapped. (ibid)

    Further, Clarke also says that Castro was trying to subvert democracy elsewhere in November. And he uses the Richard Helms anecdote from his book, A Look over My Shoulder. This is where Helms goes to, first RFK, and then JFK, with what he says is proof of an arms shipment into Venezuela by Castro. (Helms, pgs. 226-27) Somehow, Clarke does not understand that neither Kennedy was at all impressed with this so-called “discovery”. Probably because, like former CIA officer Joseph B. Smith, they understood that the Agency likely planted the shipment to divert Kennedy’s back channel. (Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior, p. 383)

    In summary, this is a kind of odd book. Even for the MSM. Clarke and his cohorts seem to be just catching up to what people in the know understood about Kennedy decades ago. But only now, in 2013 can this be revealed. But even then, it must be accompanied by the usual MSM rumor-mongering and dirt. (In addition to Rometsch, and Storm, Clarke throws in Marlene Dietrich.) I guess, under those restrictive circumstances, this is the best one can expect from someone who trusts the likes of Ben Bradlee.

  • Mark North, Betrayal in Dallas: LBJ, the Pearl Street Mafia, and the Murder of President Kennedy

    Mark North, Betrayal in Dallas: LBJ, the Pearl Street Mafia, and the Murder of President Kennedy


    Having recently experienced an earthquake and a hurricane here in DC in less than a week, I thought I had seen my quota of disasters for a while. That is until this book showed up. In the pantheon of JFK literature we usually get one goofball theory per book. But in Betrayal in Dallas: LBJ, the Pearl Street Mafia, and the Murder of President Kennedy, author Mark North doubles-down and we get two discredited theories for the price of one.

    In this alternative universe LBJ, in cahoots with something called the “Pearl Street Mafia” (an invented title as the author admits), had JFK bumped off. For good measure, LBJ’s old crony and FBI head, J. Edgar Hoover is thrown into this mix as well. Hoover seems to be a favorite boogey man of North’s as he strongly implied JEH involvement in the President’s assassination in his previous offering, Act of Treason. In Betrayal in Dallas, according to North, Hoover’s complicity is unequivocal.

    It’s a common maxim that extraordinary claims demand extraordinary evidence. Yet the only extraordinary thing here is the marketing hype plus the author’s own undocumented claims. For instance, on page xi the author makes the bold assertion that “the new evidence revealed in this book proves to a legal certainty everything you have just read” [my emphasis].Talk about empty bombast. In the 159 skimpy pages that make up the body of the book, the case is not even close to being made. In a hyperbolic statement on the publisher’s website we are breathlessly told, “North’s conclusions are based on classified federal documents unknown to the public and research community.” And finally the author makes this bold declaration: “The evidence contained in this volume will force the hand of that [Justice] department by making public what they will not.” I may have missed it, but I don’t recall Eric Holder’s press conference confirming North’s assertions.

    Since we are told that the book is based on “documents unknown to the public and research community” certainly a check of the endnote section is a priority. By the way, I love how JFK researchers are slammed as being too thick to have discovered North’s “evidence”. Well, if that evidence consists of back issues of newspapers then, yes, I guess we have all missed the boat. You see, while some have us have wasted our time combing through the millions of pages of JFK related documents released by the Assassination Records and Review Board, North has trumped us all by simply reading loads of old newspapers. When one turns to the endnote section, one is immediately struck by a bizarre sourcing technique in which multiple instances of newspaper articles are presented in one endnote. For instance, endnote 10 of chapter 3 has close to 200 Dallas Morning News articles cited in that one endnote alone, and it runs on for 2 pages! One might get a pass on this if this was just an anomaly, but every chapter gets this kind of treatment with multiple source notes citing multiple instances of newspaper clippings. Has anyone ever seen such a format used before? On estimate it looks like 90 % of his endnotes are newspaper clippings. This goofiness makes up about 30 pages of the book while meaningless “exhibits” (mostly mundane letters) and other back matter account for another 80 plus pages. Oh, and don’t go looking for an index either. If you can believe it, there isn’t one. I’m on record as stating that the amount of pages shouldn’t be a consideration as long as you have something to report. But what North has done here gives the word ‘extraneous’ a whole new meaning. The United States government took four years to declassify millions of pages of formerly declassified or severely redacted documents on the murder of President Kennedy. Some of these papers were exceedingly interesting. Some of them were more than that. Some of them were absolute gems. To forsake that vital resource for old newspapers, to not utilize the documents at one’s disposal in the wake of the ARRB’s work, this is just shoddy. It kind of says: There wasn’t anything in those documents of value to my thesis. So let’s forget about them and read some reams of old newspapers instead.

    And speaking of shoddy, I think this is the first instance that I can recall where the publisher couldn’t get their own author’s name right. On the back cover blurb of Betrayal, they print “praise for the bestseller Act of Treason by Mark Lane.” That’s right. Mark LANE. The reader will recall that the author is in fact Mark North. The slapdash approach continues on the inside where, along with the examples previously mentioned, the author writes that RFK was a Senator on the McClellan Committee in the 1950’s. Of course, Robert Kennedy was not elected Senator until 1964.

    I’ve not mentioned North’s take on the hybrid conspiracy to kill the President as it hardly merits mentioning. But basically it’s the usual suspects: the Civello/Marcello arm of the Mafia killed JFK, this time with LBJ’s complicity. Johnson was also “mobbed up” along with other notable politicians, lawyers and judges (i.e. J. Edgar Hoover, Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes, Assistant Attorney General Barefoot Sanders, and even Lady Bird!). While there is undoubtedly evidence of corruption among some of the politicos North implicates, it takes a giant leap of logic to put them in a criminal nexus intent on murdering the President. Despite the 30 pages of source (newspaper) notes, when it comes time for North to make his bold accusations, there are no citations. For example, on page 39 North writes, “With Civello providing the kill zone, it fell to Carlos Marcello in New Orleans to obtain the assassins.” Similarly on page 42 we are told, “By midsummer 1962, Marcello and Civello had set in motion the plan to murder the President.” Neither of these critical passages have any citations. Not even North’s beloved newspapers.

    On an affirmative note, North does not fall into the old trap that other “mob did it” enthusiasts do. That is he does not try to smear Jim Garrison as a Mafia goon. On the contrary, on page 33 North correctly notes that “In August [1961], New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison’s office launched a drive on the Marcello-controlled French Quarter.” North goes on to note that “narcotics trafficking was to be Garrison’s office’s prime target.” Unfortunately, for the entire book, that’s about all you can put on the positive side of the ledger.

    After reading this volume, the only apparent betrayal will be to the consumer who plunks down $25.00 for this mess.


    Author’s Addendum:

    As I mentioned in the above review, for researchers to not utilize the documentation released over the years through the actions of the Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) is inexcusable. This is a sentiment that I know is shared by this website’s owner, James DiEugenio, as he has mentioned it as well on several occasions, both on this site and on Black Op Radio.

    Consider the wealth of material the ARRB was able to extricate: the so-called “Lopez Report” on Mexico City, not to mention the supporting documentation, the CIA segregated collection of the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), the working (and personal) papers of Jim Garrison, Clay Shaw’s papers as well as the Shaw trial transcript, new interviews of all 3 of JFK’s pathologists as well as much new previously withheld medical evidence, CIA Inspector General reports on the Castro assassination plots and the Bay of Pigs, military and CIA documents on Vietnam, not to mention the working papers of the ARRB themselves. And this is just the tip of the iceberg!

    It is personally galling to this author to see books published anytime after 1993 not using this material. And most do not! (Notable exceptions are John Newman’s work, Jim DiEugenio’s and Lisa Pease’s work in Probe and its direct descendant The Assassinations, and my own humble effort, Let Justice Be Done). Indeed, a recent work that got very good reviews and was well received among the critical community utilized almost exclusively secondary sources in its research. Unless you are Nero Wolfe, who can solve mysteries without getting off of his fat duff, this approach is slovenly and sloth-like in my opinion. Whatever happened to good old-fashioned “shoe leather?” There is simply no excuse for not using a 3-pronged approach in JFK research:

    1. Interviews (Admittedly getting harder with the passage of time and key people dying off).
    2. The Paper Chase. (Extremely important in light of the ARRB’s work and what I’ve listed above). And yes
    3. Secondary sources: books, magazines, newspapers, etc. (But they better be damned good ones by credible authors and used sparingly).

    But regarding number 2 above, the National Archives (NARA) couldn’t make it any easier for researchers: just email them what you want and they’ll copy it and mail it to you (for a fee of course). There is plenty out there that hasn’t seen the light of day because nobody is doing the leg work. Let me give a recent and brief example. One weekday I went to NARA, arriving at 10:00 AM. I had them pull the working papers of several ARRB staffers. I reviewed several boxes of materials and copied over 100 pages. I was out of there by 1:00 and came away with a wealth of new information, including a heretofore unknown relationship between New Orleans FBI SAC, Warren deBrueys, and CIA spook David Atlee Phillips. The rest of the information will be included in my new book tentatively scheduled for publication in 2013. As with my earlier effort, this was all done on my own dime. For authors getting book contracts and advances, there is simply no excuse for bypassing this resource.

    Personally I always thought the old evidence was always pretty good. But at this point it makes little sense to regurgitate the efforts of Harold Weisberg, Vince Salandria, Sylvia Meagher and so many others, Especially when there is an avalanche of material waiting to complement their work.

  • Philip Nelson, LBJ Mastermind of JFK’s Assassination


    A Texan Looks at Nelson: LBJ Mastermind of JFK’s Assassination

    It seems like such a natural conclusion. The king is dead, long live the king. If you are studying the Kennedy assassination, and you ask the immortal question cui bono, you might first land on the name Lyndon Johnson. From “MacBird” to A Texan Looks at Lyndon to Ed Tatro in “The Guilty Men” episode in Nigel Turner’s The Men Who Killed Kennedy, many people have analyzed Johnson’s doings and cried foul.

    Into this tradition comes Phillip F. Nelson with a sizable work on the subject, wanting to go further than anyone has before. His view of Johnson is comparable to Sherlock Holmes’s description of Professor Moriarty: “He is the Napoleon of crime…He sits motionless like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and he knows very well every quiver of each of them.”[i] Nelson’s thesis is in his title: LBJ Mastermind of JFK’s Assassination.

    This particular genre of Kennedy book is admittedly one I find less useful than others. It is possible to see the JFK assassination as a game of Clue, deciding whether you think it is David Morales with the candlestick in the conservatory or J. Edgar Hoover with the lead pipe in the study. To my mind, this tendency often becomes engrossed in the less important details of assassination mechanics and (to my way of thinking) the more important mechanics of how states operate, how that affects us, and how best to combat the forces behind it. But that is my bias, so let the reader be informed. As for Nelson, he makes his intent clear. Noel Twyman, he says, names “…Lyndon Johnson and J. Edgar Hoover as having been involved in the plot and in the cover-up, though he failed to determine that Lyndon Johnson was the mastermind of the conspiracy. This book merely adds that last element in a case that has already been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” [ii]

    Let’s see if Twyman’s ‘failure’ is Nelson’s gain.

    BEGINNINGS

    The book is divided into 10 chapters that purport to show LBJ’s hand in every aspect of the assassination, from the planning to the execution to the aftermath. It begins, however, by spelling out his basic criteria. Nelson argues that Johnson has motive, means, and opportunity, and that further he was a psychopath who would stop at nothing to achieve power.

    The author discusses Johnson’s rise to power, the ins and outs of the all too familiar tale of Box 13, and Johnson’s many distasteful characteristics. These are, by and large, taken from Johnson’s multi volume biographer Robert Caro. In the first chapter alone, at one point there are 26 consecutive footnotes going back to Caro. To this summary he also sprinkles a few quotes from Robert Dallek, but here also begins his penchant for questionable sources. He quotes from Jack Valenti, Victor Lasky, and (of all people) Seymour Hersh, just for starters. Now the problematic aspects of using those particular writers – at least without some qualification – is apparent to most Kennedy scholars. I won’t explain the nuts and bolts here, but instead direct the reader to Jim DiEugenio’s essay “The Posthumous Assassination of John F. Kennedy” for details. But suffice it to say that each of these writers has a rather large axe to grind and a willingness to use any means necessary to grind it.

    Now these sources do little harm to the early part of the book because Johnson’s character is well-established. He was a low-class sort of a person, prone to vulgar and over bearing displays of machismo in public, and employing men like Mac Wallace who were murderous criminals. And if you take allthese famous incidents a face value, and then string them in tandem over the years, then hey! Maybe LBJ does seem like the sort of man who, were it within his power, could have had the president killed and not be halted by any moral barriers.

    In Chapter 2, Nelson focuses on Kennedy’s relationship with the Joint Chiefs and their disagreements over foreign policy. Or were they disagreements? The author seems confused on this point. On the one hand, he seems to agree that Kennedy wanted peace and Johnson was more accommodating of the CIA and Department of Defense. Nelson describes, for example, how the CIA cut off aid to South Vietnam at a time when he was pondering whether to take this very action. They took the action automatically, following a playbook unknown to Kennedy. “But the larger point was that it was a message the CIA was sending to the president, who was being told who was really in control…it wasn’t John Kennedy.”[iii] He also describes how JFK and the military did not get along. And he then builds to this crucial statement: “Over the course of the next two years, those relationships would continue growing even further apart and become so well established that it could be argued that in the larger scheme, Lyndon B. Johnson had assumed the mantle of commander-in-chief.”[iv]

    To say the least, this last bit seems overstated. However, that aside, the peculiar part of Nelson’s analysis is that he seems to buy into the CIA’s version of the Bay of the Pigs. He writes that Kennedy wanted a second set of air strikes but was intimidated into not doing so by Adlai Stevenson. He then goes on to criticize Dean Rusk for agreeing with the president’s refusal to provide air cover during the invasion.[v] (He gets all this, incidentally, from Lasky.) To call this particular version of events simplistic is to be generous; but things only get worse from here.

    SMEAR CAMPAIGN

    Further going into the Cuban situation, Nelson blithely quotes Alexander Haig as saying that Robert Kennedy ran the hit teams killing innocents, although “…he took care to keep his own name out of most of the documents…” Haig goes on to say that with respect to the Cuban assault teams, “Bobby was the President!”[vi] (Haig, who is obviously not the most credible witness in this context, gave this interview to Gus ‘Single Bullet Fact’ Russo.) Hiag, or course, was the man who on an installment of Nightline actually said that Lyman Lemnitzer had told President Kennedy outright that the Bay of Pigs would fail without air cover. It was this kind of past-debacle CYA that provoked Kennedy to install a taping system in the White House. And this is how we know precisely what was said during the Missile Crisis. Yet, once again, Haig is all OK with our erstwhile author, who doesn’t stop to mention that maybe the sources for this information are a bit problematic.

    But Nelson steams ahead unabated. He now quotes Richard Helms’ aide Nestor Sanchez as saying that “The buck stops with the President on operations like that…All the other conspiracies [about] the agency was running amok, that’s baloney…” He isn’t quoting this to isolate a point of view; he’s using Sanchez as a viable witness. He does the same with the notorious Sam Halpern and even Richard Helms himself. He then writes that “The Kennedys’ campaign to get rid of the Castro ‘problem’ was doomed from the start…”[vii] Just so there is no question, he elaborates: “Documents prove…Bobby Kennedy had authorized the plots…”[viii] In fact the CIA Inspector General report on the Castro plots actually says the opposite: that the Agency could not use presidential approval as a fig leaf for what they had done. So where does Nelson get this contrary view? One will not be surprised to learn that Nelson also got this from Russo i.e.from his asinine book Live by the Sword. Readers can take a look for themselves, but be aware that Russo believes in the “jet-effect theory,”[ix] (i.e., the desperate attempt to show that Kennedy’s violent rearward motion could have happened from a rear shot), claims that Lee Harvey Oswald left fingerprints all over the alleged sniper’s nest (!!!), and argues that the backyard photograph (with its obvious chin splice) is genuine.[x] You get the idea.

    The pièce de résistance of this line of argument comes with Nelson’s assertion that Kennedy was aware of the assassination plots against Castro, but the CIA kept the Joint Chiefs in the dark.[xi]

    Let the reader judge, but let me say that I find this a tad implausible.

    Just for the record, please note the following list of people who testified to the Church Committee that Kennedy had never been informed of any assassination plots against Castro:

    • Dean Rusk
    • Maxwell Taylor
    • John McCone
    • McGeorge Bundy
    • Richard Helms
    • Bill Harvey[xii]

    To put it mildly, these are not perceived as friends of JFK.

    David Talbot put it like this:

    In the ideological war to define the Kennedy administration, which broke out soon after the president was laid to rest in Arlington and continues to this day, national security officials insisted that the Kennedy brothers were ‘out of control’ on Cuba, pushing them to take absurd measures against Castro like the Mongoose folly. This would become the standard version of the Kennedys’ Cuba policy in countless books, TV news shows, and documentaries – it was rash, obsessive, treacherous, even murderous. But this is not an accurate picture of the Kennedy policy.[xiii]

    Bill Harvey went so far as to say that he would have been the last person that JFK would have ever put in charge of a Castro assassination venture, even if he had desired it.[xiv]

    HERE WE GO AGAIN

    Enough about Cuba. Let’s get to the sex!

    Nelson reports blandly the same things that the CIA friendly Sy Hersh wrote in his long since discredited hatchet job The Dark Side of Camelot. For example, JFK tried to get Judith Exner in a three-way, then impregnated her, then told her to go see Sam Giancana for assistance in getting an abortion![xv] I grant this would make for a very exciting telenovela on Galavisión, but is dubious at best and has zero to do with Lyndon Johnson. (Remember him?) Surprisingly, the author doesn’t seem to notice this: the fact that he is losing his focus. Instead he actually acknowledges that the reader may well be more interested in more prurient detail, but he or she should seek other books for this. The first one to read, he sagely recommends, is another CIA attached journalist: Ronald Kessler’s Sins of the Father.[xvi] Incredible.

    It does point out the long-term damage books like these can do, however. My own local public library around the corner has perhaps a half-dozen books on JFK, and one of them is The Dark Side of Camelot. The name ‘Seymour Hersh’ is stronger than the book’s own infamy, which partly consisted of the investigative reporter being snookered into buying fake documents.[xvii]

    In any event, please accept my apologies. We were talking about sex. Nelson actually writes the following sentence, unawares of the ironic humor: “In the interest of brevity, we will consider further only JFK’s relationships with Marilyn Monroe, Mary Pinchot Meyer, Judith Exner, and Ellen Rometch…”[xviii] In the interests of brevity! Nelson then goes on to discuss these stories with no discernment at all, using as his sources material not just from Nina Burleigh and Deborah Davis, but also Hersh, Donald Wolfe, etc., without any analysis or elaboration on how credible the information is that he’s using. From the likes of Wolfe, he gets the observation that “…Hoover had warned Jack about exposing his affairs with Judith Campbell [Exner] and Marilyn Monroe, so he had resigned himself to give up both, no doubt because there were so many others to replace them.”[xix] If you can believe it, Nelson asserts that Wolfe “made a compelling case” of RFK’s involvement in Monroe’s death, and brings up rumors that JFK and Mary Meyer used drugs together. There are several astonishing claims made in the text, but here is one of my favorites: “It may be just a coincidence that, concurrently with his affair with Mary Pinchot Meyer and their rumored use of drugs together, Kennedy had become less tolerant of the CIA’s intelligence breakdowns and the Pentagon’s aggressive provocation for military actions, especially in Vietnam.”[xx]

    OK, let’s think about this. Which of these conclusions is more likely?

    1. JFK grew apart from his military advisors because of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis, where they revealed themselves to be prepared to destroy the entire planet in defense of American interests.
    2. JFK grew apart from his military advisors because he was toking it up with a girlfriend.

    I am going to go with option 1 myself, particularly since we have no evidence (2) ever happened.

    There is a larger point here, which I raise again: What does this have to do with the book? We were talking about Lyndon Johnson, right?

    And so we are. Sometimes. Phillip Nelson’s book is truly a rambling one, taking 700 pages to express a claim that he could have made in 200 pages. If you delete material which consists of summaries of other people’s books, you might have as little as 20 pages of original material. And these 20 pages largely consist of his analysis of the Altgens photograph. We’ll get to that later.

    LYNDON’S SCANDALS

    Having dealt with Caro’s stories about LBJ and cheapjack authors’ versions of Kennedy’s involvement in Cuba and women, the middle section of the book turns its attention to the scandals that clung to the Vice-President. Most of these are familiar to anyone who has studied Johnson. They involve Bobby Baker, Mac Wallace, and the various people Johnson is alleged to have murdered, including his sister. Much of this appeared in The Men Who Killed Kennedy, although Nelson gets most of the juicy bits from Barr McLellan and the hoary volume by J. Evetts Haley A Texan Looks at Lyndon.[xxi]

    Any book that posits Johnson’s involvement in the assassination is going to use this material, and whether you buy this or not depends a great deal on testimony from people who may not be the most reliable witnesses. Nelson has little to add here, and if you are familiar with the McLellan book nothing here will be news. At least LBJ’s scandals have the virtue of being on-topic.

    THE MEAT OF THE ARGUMENT

    The last third of the book starts to deliver on some of Nelson’s conclusions. To this point, the main ideas of the book (that is, the ones that relate to LBJ) could be summarized as follows:

    1. LBJ was a scoundrel, hungry for power, and possibly psychopathic.
    2. LBJ got along better with the Department of Defense than JFK did. (Although Nelson does, curiously, quote Howard Burris from John Newman’s book JFK and Vietnam, saying that he didn’t believe Johnson had a “very deep” understanding of political issues.) Which is odd for a “mastermind.”[xxii]
    3. LBJ had very possibly committed several murders, or at least ordered them done, had stolen elections, and had generally shown little regard for the law.

    Having tried to show all these things, the author now has to demonstrate Johnson’s mastery. And one must give Nelson his due in this regard – he doesn’t mess around. He doesn’t lack for boldness. He has Johnson planning the entire assassination, and ordering people around who were not used to taking orders.

    The ‘Johnson plan’ would be based upon the concept that the operational and tactical plans would be carefully kept away from the highest level planners; Johnson and Angleton, possibly Hoover and LeMay as well, consistent with the precepts of ‘plausible deniability’ and interagency secrecy protocols would protect others throughout the ‘hierarchical’ chain.[xxiii]

    Not only does he plan the assassination, he controls the Secret Service, [xxiv] putting in orders for the Secret Service to compromise themselves. Nelson has no evidence for this, but it is, in his view, a “reasoned conjecture.”[xxv] We are assured that “Johnson’s hand would be kept invisible through his having three levels of staff separating him from motorcade planning.”[xxvi]

    As noted, Johnson is the boss, resulting in some dubious statements. One mid-chapter heading reads:

    J. Edgar Hoover: Johnson’s Willing Lieutenant[xxvii]

    I had to put the book down for a moment upon reading that. Hoover was not anyone’s willing lieutenant, and the idea that he would have kowtowed to the big Texan – well, I suppose it’s not impossible, but it is awfully hard to imagine. Similar to his saying that Johnson would “…undoubtedly recruit…General Curtis LeMay, who shared many of Johnson’s attitudes, especially about the president, whom he regarded as an indecisive coward and avowed socialist.”[xxviii] Johnson recruited LeMay into the operation? Just so there is no confusion: “Just as Vice President Johnson had been feeding secrets to his friends in the CIA (as noted in chapters 2 and 3), it is a reasonable presumption that he was doing the same with his friends in the Pentagon, probably including General LeMay, who was cut from the same, practically identical, bellicose cloth as Johnson.”[xxix]

    This last remark simply isn’t true. Even in pro-LeMay biographies, one gets the clear sense that LeMay counseled Lyndon Johnson in full commitment, an immense bombing campaign into North Vietnam, which he declined to do. Johnson only kept him on board for a year, listening to LeMay complain the whole time that air strikes were not timely or powerful enough for his liking.[xxx]

    INTERPRETATION

    Much of the rest of Nelson’s arguments rely upon his specific interpretation of specific events. For example, John Connally was “insistent upon the selection of the Trade Mart,”; but instead of throwing suspicion upon Connally directly, Nelson writes that “…it suggests the unseen hand of his mentor, Lyndon Johnson.”[xxxi]

    Nelson tells the story of how Johnson got into an argument about wanting Connally rather than Ralph Yarbrough to sit next to him during the assassination. JFK told Johnson that seating arrangements would not be changed and the latter became very upset. To Nelson, this is sinister; his foreknowledge intact, Johnson is trying to keep his buddy Connally out of harm’s way. However, Nelson also does note that Johnson hated Yarbrough, so he has another reason to not want to sit next to him. So, one assumes, LBJ would have been upset even if he was not the criminal mastermind behind the operation. [xxxii] That is to say, if you already believe in Nelson’s thesis, this becomes further corroborative evidence.

    The author also provides the solution to why Lyndon Johnson began crying hysterically on Air Force One shortly after the assassination, as appeared recently in Steven Gillon’s book. We must consider the “…likelihood that it was a result of his finally finding enough privacy to allow himself a moment to physically release the built-up tension that he had suppressed for hours – actually days, and weeks of intense anticipation – as he planned the critical action that would save his career: the murder of JFK.”[xxxiii]

    A story that Nelson does not use in his book occurs on board Air Force One, when new President Johnson tells Bill Moyers, “I wonder if the missiles are flying.” That is, Johnson was aware that certain factions within the national security state were interested in a war with the Soviets, and he thought they might use this excuse to get it. James K. Galbraith, the son of Kennedy advisor John Kenneth Galbraith, felt that Johnson understood that Kennedy and McNamara had been holding them off from blowing up the world, and that LBJ himself thought of the assassination as a potential coup.[xxxiv] However, this story obviously does not fit the program.

    Since so much of the argument for this book depends upon the author’s interpretation of various events, it is fair to ask whether we have what literature professors call “an unreliable narrator.” We have already seen, curiously, that he accepts material about the Kennedys promulgated by their ideological enemies. He also seems to buy into a rather facile description of Lee Harvey Oswald.

    The author blames Oswald’s “…fatherless childhood and his early life with a cold and distant mother…” for his willingness to be used. He quotes his brother Robert about the show ‘I Led Three Lives’ and how much young Oswald loved Ian Fleming novels. “It is ironic,” Nelson writes, “that Oswald shared one thing in common with Lyndon Johnson…a determined obsession with fulfilling the fantasies which he dreamt about as a child.”[xxxv]

    “Oswald thought that, finally, he would achieve his ultimate lifetime goal: becoming a full-time well-paid spy just like his hero from I Led Three Lives.”[xxxvi] In this day and age, in light of the work of writers like John Newman and John Armstrong, how can any serious author still write the above? Nelson’s analysis of Oswald is so fatuous it could have come from someone like Norman Mailer. As most everyone knows who studies the Kennedy assassination for any length of time, a mass of contradictions surrounds Lee Harvey Oswald. He was allegedly a Marxist, but his best friend was George de Morenschildt, a much older man, in a higher social class, who was a White Russian. He managed to travel unperturbed from the U.S. to the Soviet Union and back, despite being ostensibly a marine, and also brought his Soviet wife back with him, although she had belonged to a Communist youth organization.[xxxvii]

    But that’s not all. Nelson has this to say about Officer J. D. Tippit: “It remains unclear whether the murder of Tippit had anything to at all to do with Kennedy’s assassination: A more likely scenario was that it was simply retribution by the husband of the woman Tippit was known to have been sleeping with.”[xxxviii] Nelson writes this even though it has been discovered that someone left Oswald’s wallet at the scene of the crime.

    Curiouser and curiouser.

    It should also be specifically noted that Nelson supports, for the most part, the scenario presented in David Lifton’s Best Evidence. Whether or not this counts in his favor or not will depend on the reader’s allegiances. But let us observe that adopting Lifton’s premises means a whole other set of problems.

    He is wise enough not to assert, as Lifton did in his book, that all of the shots came from the front. This is untenable given the works of people like Don Thomas, for example, who in his recent book finds five shots, with four emanating from behind.[xxxix] Robert Groden, another serious analyst, has four shots, with three coming from the rear.[xl] These conclusions emerge from serious examination of the available forensic evidence.

    However, Nelson claims that there was evidence of body alteration, rather than photographic alteration. The author does try to make a case for it, and again he has Johnson as part of it, directing traffic to his swearing-in ceremony, which is mere cover for the snatching of the body. This was done, in accordance with Lifton’s thesis, so that JFK’s body was placed in a body bag.[xli] Even if we assume that it is plausible that persons unknown were able to sneak the body away for a time in order to perform this surgery – at any point in the swearing-in, the flight, or the arrival home – there are still enormous problems with this scenario.

    If Lifton is right, then “…the plot to alter the body was integral to the plot to shoot the President – i.e., that it was planned, as part of the murder, to secretly falsify the circumstances of his death.”[xlii] The mind staggers at this prospect. Why would you plan such a bizarre episode as part of your plot? There isn’t an easier way to kill a president? Lifton also writes that “…the plotters could know, once they saw the body, how much ammunition was needed, and so could coordinate the planting of bullets with the fabrication of trajectories.”[xliii]

    So all the bullets were planted – but they were also planted in such a way as to fool the FBI: “The central fact was that if President Kennedy’s body was altered, and false ammunition planted, then within twenty-four hours of the murder, the U.S. Department of Justice had been deceived.”[xliv] Deceived? Would this be the same Department of Justice that got a palm print off Oswald’s dead body?

    As questionable as one might find aspects of Lifton’s thesis, it gets even worse for Nelson. Because he has to have LBJ coordinating all this! And he dutifully theorizes: Johnson knows the body can be stolen, and he also knows “…that a ‘special’ autopsy would be necessary, one that would obliterate any evidence that Kennedy was shot anywhere but from behind…”[xlv] The chapter in which this appears is entitled ‘A More Plausible Scenario.’ A less plausible scenario can hardly be imagined.

    AND, FINALLY, THE ALTGENS PHOTOGRAPH

    Nelson spends many pages claiming that Lyndon Johnson cannot be seen in, and is therefore ducking in, the Altgens photograph.[xlvi] He claims that this is smoking-gun evidence that cannot be ignored. It has been sitting in front of all of us this whole time and we’ve missed it. How can LBJ be ducking so early? He must have known what was coming.

    Except I can see LBJ in the photograph, as can most others.

    Nelson realizes some might argue this. However, people who see Johnson in the photo are lying to themselves.[xlvii]

    TOWARD A MORE COHERENT SCENARIO

    We know, thanks to Hoover’s famous comment, that someone seemed to be impersonating Lee Harvey Oswald years prior to the Kennedy assassination. And we know that the CIA repeatedly tried to distance itself from Oswald, despite all evidence to the contrary. A couple of good questions in this regard were asked by Gerald McKnight: “Why did the supersensitive SIG have a file on an ex-marine defector? Why did the CIA wait for a year before opening a file on Oswald after learning about his defection?”[xlviii] To this let me add a third question: Is it because Lyndon Johnson said so? And another: Why would the CIA cover for Johnson? In the House Select Committee investigation, Robert Blakey made a pact with the Devil in allowing the CIA to vet the final report pre-publication. Investigator Gaeton Fonzi at first thought Blakely was being too careful, then began to harbor thoughts that Blakey was cooperating with the CIA for other reasons. [xlix] It was the CIA, for example, that classified the Lopez Report. [l] Why would they do this? What interests are they protecting if LBJ and the Del Charro cronies did it?

    Did Johnson also arrange the Chicago plot, exposed by Edwin Black in his fine 1975 article in Chicago Reader? If they had killed him in Chicago, Thomas Arthur Vallee would be the “lone nut.” Would we then have theories that Mayor Daley was the mastermind of the Kennedy assassination?

    Good questions, all.

    If you want to be serious about it, you can make a better case for Allen Dulles being the mastermind of the assassination than Lyndon Johnson. His oil ties, for example, are actually stronger than Johnson’s. The Dulles brothers had worked hard to destroy the antitrust suit filed against Standard Oil of New Jersey all the way back in 1953.[li] Dulles was a key planner in the overthrow of Mossadeq; under the latter’s rule, the Anglo-American Oil Company suffered huge losses. The company was a client of Dulles’s firm, Sullivan & Cromwell.[lii] Nor was Dulles a stranger to Cuba. As Morris Morley proves in his masterly study, Imperial State and Revolution, it was Dulles who pushed Eisenhower into his policy of isolating Castro, and then mounting a covert campaign against him.[liii] Also, Dulles had been involved in the recruitment and first interviews of General Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi-turned American spy.[liv]

    As Jim Douglass points out:

    Dulles got Prouty to create a network of subordinate focal point offices in the armed services, then throughout the entire U.S. government…The consequence in the early 1960s, when Kennedy became president, was that the CIA had placed a secret team of its own employees through the entire U.S. government.[lv]

    According to Nelson, LBJ was afraid he was going to lose his job and go to prison – but Dulles had already lost his, due to the Bay of Pigs. LBJ was a wildly ambitious man who would do nothing to stop at getting power – but Dulles was head of the CIA, arguably a more powerful position than President. LBJ was a sonofabitch – but so was Dulles. He was a different kind of sonofabitch, sure, but his whole life Dulles had been making decisions that got people killed, and he exhibited nothing more than a dry sense of humor about it. There are some fruitcakes in government; it’s one of the first things you learn when you start doing research into this stuff.

    Now all that being said, am I going to write the book Allen Dulles: Mastermind of JFK’s Assassination? Of course not. The operation is bigger than any one man, even people like Dulles or James Angleton. The head of the snake is the snake.

    FINAL REMARKS

    Fidel Castro had a much deeper and insightful analysis of the situation than anything in this book:

    I haven’t forgotten that Kennedy centered his electoral campaign against Nixon on the theme of firmness toward Cuba. I have not forgotten the Machiavellian tactics and the equivocation, the attempts at invasion, the pressures, the blackmail, the organization of a counter-revolution, the blockade, and above all, the retaliatory measures which were imposed before, long before there was the pretext and alibi of Communism. But I feel that he inherited a difficult situation; I don’t think a President of the United States is ever really free, and I believe Kennedy is at present feeling the impact of this lack of freedom, I also believe that he now understands the extent to which he has been misled, especially, for example, on Cuban reaction at the time of the attempted Bay of Pigs invasion.[lvi]

    To say the least, Lyndon Johnson was an unappealing personality. It would not necessarily be surprising, in the abstract, if he had foreknowledge or tacitly approved of the assassination. He might even have been directly involved, although one can argue that. I do not think, however, that at this date, given the documentary evidence, an explanation which ignores the larger political forces of the national security state can be taken seriously.

    It is less important, ultimately in my view, to understand how he was killed than why he was killed. This is not addressed when one says ‘LBJ did it for power,’ or ‘Allen Dulles did it for revenge.’ Again I quote Douglass:

    Those who designed the plot to kill Kennedy were familiar with the inner sanctum of our national security state…The assassins’ purpose seems to have encompassed not only killing a president determined to make peace with the enemy but also using his murder as the impetus for a possible nuclear first strike against that same enemy.[lvii]

    JFK’s fateful decision was to go against the same system that profited his family and assisted his rise to power, and to lead with his conscience. That decision literally killed him. Our whole form of government, and indeed our entire consumer society, depends entirely on suppressing our consciences and destroying our empathy. Our economic and political system is devoid of it – for good reason. If we allowed ourselves to feel empathy for all the people in the world who suffer on our behalf, the system could not be maintained.

    This is why there is a constant and pervasive stream of anti-Kennedy books, shows, and films, and why that fervor slides into seemingly irrelevant places likes Nelson’s current book. The major media is desperate to tear down the Kennedy legacy – to make him a criminal, a cad, or a dope fiend. “He was like all the others,” the Victor Laskys of the world will tell us. And Philip Nelson then echoes it.

    He might have been when he came in. But he clearly changed.

    This is the key point. The essence of the Kennedy assassination is the state destroying conscientious leadership like white blood cells killing a virus; understanding this fact changes the assassination from a puzzle to be solved to a cause to be championed. Anything less is an insult to both history and JFK. And therefore a disservice to ourselves.


    NOTES

    [i] Doyle, Arthur Conan, “The Final Problem,” The Complete Sherlock Holmes Vol. 1 (Barnes & Noble Classics: NY 2003), 559.

    [ii] Nelson, Phillip F., LBJ The Mastermind of JFK’s Assassination (Xlibris Corporation: 2010), 138.

    [iii] Nelson, 571.

    [iv] Nelson, 151.

    [v] Nelson, 148-149.

    [vi] Nelson, 156-157.

    [vii] Nelson, 171-172.

    [viii] Nelson, 217.

    [ix] Russo, Gus, Live By the Sword (Bancroft Press: 1998), 298.

    [x] Russo, 444.

    [xi] Nelson, 147.

    [xii] DiEugenio, James, and Lisa Pease, The Assassinations (Feral House:Los Angeles CA 2003), 328

    [xiii] Talbot, 100.

    [xiv] Talbot, 111.

    [xv] Nelson, 197.

    [xvi] Nelson, 203.

    [xvii] There is a quick summary of these events in Thomas Powers’ contemporaneous review of the book in the New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/30/reviews/971130.30powerst.html.

    [xviii] Nelson, 191.

    [xix] Nelson, 195.

    [xx] Nelson, 193.

    [xxi] I did find it curious that the book never once mentions Ed Tatro, who is well-known for his research on Johnson.

    [xxii] Nelson, 131.

    [xxiii] Nelson, 379.

    [xxiv] Nelson, 360.

    [xxv] Nelson, 425.

    [xxvi] Nelson, 426.

    [xxvii] Nelson, 346.

    [xxviii] Nelson, 125-126.

    [xxix] Nelson, 369.

    [xxx] Cronley, Major T. J., “Curtis LeMay: The Enduring ‘Big Bomber Man,’ (United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College Center, Quantico VA 1986).

    [xxxi] Nelson, 355.

    [xxxii] Nelson, 422.

    [xxxiii] Nelson, 448.

    [xxxiv] Talbot, David, Brothers (Free Press: NY 2007), 252.

    [xxxv] Nelson, 385.

    [xxxvi] Nelson, 493.

    [xxxvii] Parenti, Michael, Dirty Truths (City Lights Books: San Francisco CA 1996), 163-164.

    [xxxviii] Nelson, 529.

    [xxxix] Thomas, Don, Hear No Evil (Mary Ferrell Foundation Press: Ipswich MA 2010), 604.

    [xl] Groden, Robert and Harrison Livingstone, High Treason (The Conservatory Press: Baltimore MD 1989), 224. Actually, Groden seems likely to revise his thesis in his upcoming book, since he has since found at least one other shot on the Zapruder film itself.

    [xli] Lifton, David, Best Evidence (Macmillan: New York 1980), 680.

    [xlii] Lifton, 346.

    [xliii] Lifton, 359.

    [xliv] Lifton, 362.

    [xlv] Nelson, 546.

    [xlvi] Nelson, 501.

    [xlvii] Nelson, 507.

    [xlviii] McKnight, Gerald, Breach of Trust (University Press of Kansas 2005), 308.

    [xlix] Fonzi, Gaeton, The Last Investigation (Thunder’s Mouth Press: NY 1993), 257.

    [l] Fonzi, 267.

    [li] Lisagor, Nancy, and Frank Lipsius, A Law Unto Itself (William Morrow and Company: New York 1988), 203-204.

    [lii] Lisagor and Lipsius, 210.

    [liii] Morley, 95

    [liv] Mosley, Leonard, Dulles (The Dial Press/James Wade: NY 1978), 477-478.

    [lv] Douglass, Jim, JFK and the Unspeakable (Orbis Books: NY 2008), 86.

    [lvi] Douglass, Jim, 197.

    [lvii] Douglass, 242.

  • Lance deHaven-Smith, Conspiracy Theory In America


    Lance deHaven-Smith is a university professor who is a rather rare bird: he actually studies and writes about political conspiracies in America. In 2005 the Florida State instructor wrote a book called The Battle for Florida. This is one of the best volumes about the stealing of the 2000 election.

    Like many of us, deHaven-Smith was shocked that there was no criminal inquiry into this naked power play by the Bush family and their accessory Katherine Harris. Neither the Justice Department nor the MSM ever launched serious investigations into whether or not there was any kind of planned and concerted effort to preempt the democratic process by depriving people of their civil rights. We know today what the price was in not exercising any kind of due diligence. For the presidency of George W. Bush was one of the worst in history. Beginning with a healthy surplus in the treasury, it almost immediately evaporated that with more of the discredited “trickle down” economics, which really should be called trickle up. It then orchestrated a completely manufactured war which needlessly killed thousands of Americans, and hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqis. It culminated with a double economic crash in the real estate market and the stock market, the combination of which provoked the most devastating financial debacle since 1929. America has still not recovered from those three events. Which all began with a stolen election. Perhaps nothing illustrates to better effect the price of living in a country where high crimes and misdemeanors have become almost SOP since 1963. And perhaps nothing illustrates more dramatically just what the price of that accommodation has become for the general populace.

    Perhaps as a result of that experience, the professor has followed up The Battle for Florida with a book that casts a much wider net. Conspiracy Theory in America is actually two books. It is first, an historical and sociological review of the attitudes toward the idea of the crime of conspiracy in America. In the last third or so, the author begins to concentrate on different conspiracies and to classify them into a chart he has devised. That part of the book is less satisfactory than the first. But let us deal with the historical aspect first.

    As the author notes, the term “conspiracy theory” did not really figure into the American lexicon until 1964. In that year, the New York Times wrote five stories in which the phrase appeared prominently. This was the beginning of a megatrend of sociological significance. For today, the Grey Lady does about 140 stories per year which feature that term. If one googles the phrase, one will get an astronomical number of hits, three times as many as for similar terms like “abuse of power” or “war crime.” (deHaven-Smith, pgs. 3-4). Today, noted authors use the term so indiscriminately, e.g. Vincent Bugliosi, that it has lost any real meaning. And in many ways it has simply become a cheap rhetorical slam. A way to marginalize and isolate arguments which the MSM does not want to consider. (p. 11) The use of the term as a pejorative leaves the clear connotation that people who argue in this manner really do not have any reasonable evidence to present, they only have suspicions. Which is far from the case of course. In fact, in many instances, e.g. the major assassinations of the sixties, it is actually the other way around: it’s the official story which has no credibility or strong evidence to support it. But there is little doubt that the MSM and its allies have done a good job in depriving the term of any rational meaning. In fact, the repeated use of the word “conspiracy theory” in its neutered form today, implies that the official story is credible. When in fact, as Jim Garrison said way back then, the idea that all three killings in Dallas on that unforgettable weekend were coincidental is highly improbable. Therefore the author introduces the term he would like to substitute for it, SCAD, or State Crime against Democracy (p. 12). One of the things this would do is to eliminate the tendency to view these crimes in isolation to each other. Which the author thinks is a mistake. An example he uses is the presidential elections of 2000 and 2004. Another example he proffers is the assassination of JFK and RFK. deHaven-Smith writes that in the real world of criminal detectives, this isolationist view is not the norm. Detectives try and link crimes by methods of operation. And there does seem to be some similar traits in these two examples. (Although this may begin the author’s tendency for a large grouping together of literally dozens of crimes which tends to mar the book at the end.)

    Another point the author makes is that the MSM does allow for certain conspiracies e.g. Watergate, Iran/Contra. But in both cases it states that those crimes were uncovered and prosecuted. But the author points out, these crimes were discovered by accident. In the first instance, it was because a guard at the Watergate Hotel noticed a strip of tape dangling from a door, one that he had already removed. Therefore, he understood a breaking and entering was in process and called the police. In the second instance, it was because a young Sandinista militia member shot down an American supply helicopter over Nicaragua. This constituted a violation of the Boland Amendment, which specifically prohibited the United States from doing such a thing. But the crimes of the Plumbers Unit under the Nixon White House had been going on for months previously. As had the resupply of the Nicaraguan Contras. The author could also have added here: were the prosecutions of these crimes full and adequate? As we know, President Ford pardoned Richard Nixon; and later writers, like Jim Hougan, have stated that the CIA had a much larger role in the affair, a role which was largely ignored. In the second instance, the drug-running aspect of that criminal episode was also largely ignored or denied at the time. But there is no doubt today that it did exist. And as Ford pardoned Nixon, George H. W. Bush pardoned several people in the Iran/Contra scandal. Perhaps so the ultimate trail would not lead to him? In that sense, the so-called investigations of these historical episodes were not really satisfactory. In fact, some would say they deliberately avoided what should have been the ultimate result. And as such, they allowed certain people involved in the crime s to escape, not just inquiry, but also visibility.

    But, as deHaven-Smith notes, such a state of affaris was not always the case. Which is why the reader should note that jump in the use of the term in 1964. For if one takes the historical view, the concept of conspiracy, especially political conspiracies, has been around since the advent of the republic. As the author notes, the Founding Fathers were quite cognizant of the idea of political conspiracies. They actually wrote about guarding against “Conspiracies against the people’s liberties” by “perfidious public offiicials” and to “tyrannical designs” by “oppressive factions”. Back then, “factions” referred to power groups within society who had individual interests which were not always congruent with the public interest. (p. 59) And it was understood that these factions could and would use illicit means to achieve their ends, like bribery of public officials. Which, of course, constitutes conspiracy. Which may be a small scale plot. But deHaven-Smith quickly mentions a large scale one. This was the incredibly complex machination that Aaron Burr was going to employ to create an independent nation in the American southwest. Even though Thomas Jefferson and Burr were once friends and political allies, Jefferson urged that Burr be prosecuted on these charges. Burr was acquitted because he had not actually committed an overt act in order to aid a declared enemy of the union. (p. 64) In other words, it did not get out of the planning stages. But he did plan on it.

    From here, the author notes other historical, and popular precedents of famous personages decrying the use of conspiracy to further illicit ends. For example in 1824, Andrew Jackson accused Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams of plotting “a corrupt bargain” to deprive him of the presidency that year. Whereby, Adams became president and Clay was then appointed by him as Secretary of State. Congressman Abraham Lincoln proposed the famous “spot resolution”. This was designed to have President Polk show exactly where American blood was spilled by Mexicans on American soil. That resolution was designed to show that Polk had plotted with the army to deliberately provoke a war with Mexico in order to expand American territory into the southwest. Does this make Jackson and Lincoln “conspiracy theorists” who should not have been president?

    The author then shifts the focus to Nuremburg. At the trials of the captured Nazis from the Third Reich, the beginning of the indictment accused the defendants of using false-flag terrorism, faked invasions and other camouflaged techniques to convert the German populace into a police state. (p. 71) This was necessary since the Nazis were never able to gain a majority in the German parliament by legitimate voting means. As deHaven-Smith notes, this is a key point to underline. Because it is important to understand that after the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had a vibrant, politically diverse liberal democracy called the Weimer Republic. It was torn asunder step by step due to terrorist tactics and political assassinations plotted by the military e.g. that of the great Rosa Luxemburg. By 1930, the republic had been destabilized to the point that the Nazis were now in striking distance of taking over the country.

    The author points out that criminal conspiracies have also occurred in the financial sector due to the fact of lack of oversight. And also due to political corruption. A good example of the latter is the all too often overlooked Savings and Loan scandal of the 1980’s. Another example would be the looting of Enron, and Enron’s conspiracy to first, deregulate the California power grid, and then create phony “crises” and “outages” in the state in order to artificially raise rates and fleece the consumer.(See the fine film, Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room.) A third example would be the conscious drive to deregulate Wall Street in the nineties, by eliminating the Glass-Steagall Act. And then to create the concept of the “derivative” and to be sure that this brand new invention could not be regulated. That goal was achieved largely through the aid of former Senator Phil Gramm.

    In other words, the idea of conspiracy has been inbred into American society since the beginning. And people like Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln accused others of resorting to it for political ends. People like Enron’s Jeffrey Skilling used it to loot the California economy. Which helped bring the state a man named Arnold Schwarzenegger. To say that these did not exist, or the were not complex and large conspiracies is simply to be in a state of denial. The author then asks, well, how and why do people like Michael Schermer do the denying? What prompted him and others like him?

    The book outlines three main causes which turned the domestic debate around on this issue. The first was the rise of political philosophers Karl Popper and Leo Strauss in academia. The second was the (infamous) 1964 essay by historian Richard Hofstadter “The Paranoid Style in American Politics.” The third was the equally infamous 1967 CIA Memorandum entitled “Countering Criticism of the Warren Report.”

    The author lays in the background to the rise of Popper and Strauss very nicely by outlining the work of historian Charles Beard. Beard, along with Frederick Jackson Turner, was perhaps the most influential historian of the first half of the 20th Century. He made his reputation with his groundbreaking book, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. That volume argued that the Constitutional Convention was actually a power struggle between the upper economic classes, the mercantile class and land owning farmers. But he then went on to argue that the 14th amendment was also passed with the help of economic interests in order to make corporations the equivalent of people under the law. (http://www.celdf.org/article.php?id=407) Finally, toward the end of his life. Beard – who bitterly opposed American entry into World War II – argued that President Roosevelt had engaged in subterfuge by letting Pearl Harbor occur. (See, Beard’s President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War.)

    As most people who study histiography know, after Beard’s death in 1948, the influence of Strauss, Popper, and especially Hofstadter, did much to deflate his reputation. Popper and Strauss, although different in their approaches, both advocated the limiting of liberal tendencies. Because both men believed that liberalism contained an inherent strain towards nihilism because of its extreme form of moral relativism. There was a nihilism of two types. One which tended towards the totalitarian rule of Nazism and Marxism; and one which was more gentle, which featured a permissiveness which bordered on hedonism which would sap the energy of society. (p. 79) Under the considerable influence of these two men, plus Hofstadter, academic studies of government now became more quantitative and behavioral in their approach. Beard’s work, which was much more pragmatic and value oriented, fell into eclipse. Under deHaven-Smith’s intellectual analysis, he maps out how Popper’s teachings led to neoliberalism and those of Strauss led to neoconservatism. It should be added here that in his brilliant film, The Power of Nightmares, director Adam Curtis came to the same conclusion: namely that the work of Strauss, and its critique of liberal permissiveness, helped turn people like Irving Kristol and Paul Wolfowitz against the “permissive society” of Kennedy and Johnson. And helped convince them that to revitalize national unity, one had to have an international enemy. This was first the Soviet Union, and then the threat of Moslem terror. The author adds that Popper was probably the first person to use the term “conspiracy theory’ as a pejorative. This was in his two volume work The Open Society and its Enemies. And Strauss wrote about, the “noble lies” which must be maintained in order to preserve society. (p. 100) There is little doubt that these two men had an impact in academia; and an even larger impact outside it.

    Beard thought differently. To him, the survival of democracy relied upon what he called “critical historiography”. And this was necessary in order to show that democracy was not being subverted behind the scenes.

    What then follows is a long and detailed analysis of the 1967 CIA dispatch which went out to all CIA stations and encouraged them to contact friendly assets in the media. The goal was to employ propaganda techniques to discredit critics of the Warren Commission. The author also shows how the concept of “blowback” worked in this situation. One of the assets contacted was a man named John P. Roche. Roche was an academic who worked under Kennedy and Johnson. Roche wrote a letter to the London Times. The letter was clearly influenced by the CIA dispatch. As the author writes, “Roche implied that the mind-set of conspiracy theorists is a dangerous mix of mental problems, superstition and extremism.” (p. 128) Time magazine then wrote an article based on this letter. (p. 121) Therefore, two MSM bastions were now using the CIA dispatch to attack the Commission critics – without revealing that they were using the CIA script in doing so. But there is no doubt that this theme then spread to another MSM bastion, The New York Times. As is shown in this book, “conspiracy theorist” now was used, not just to avoid any serious discussion about problems in the evidence; it also acquired the stigma Roche had attached to it, e. g. paranoid, radical, crackpot, were all words the Times now attached to that rubric. (p. 130) The author concludes Chapter 4 of the book by saying that “the conspiracy theory label has become a powerful smear that preempts public discourse, reinforces rather than resolves disagreements, and undermines popular vigilance against abuses of power.” And as Popper and Strauss theorized, this is all done in the name of reason, civility, and preserving democracy. When in fact, one can cogently argue, the opposite is actually being achieved.

    So far, deHaven-Smith has written some interesting material about the historical aspect of how conspiracy facts and thinking have been dealt with in American culture. But where the book gets into trouble is when the author tries to present his own rubric about how the public should deal with these types of crimes. He calls it State Crime Against Democracy, or SCAD. I’ve long felt that we needed a set of models or paradigms for “conspiracy theory” to assist us with our inquiries. Hopefully such models would address a variety of suspected conspiracies. After all we do have documented instances not only of conspiracies to commit illegal acts but also conspiracies to obfuscate or cover up embarrassing or damaging information. I recall being much impressed with Peter Dale Scott’s effort to isolate and define elements of “deep politics” as they might associate themselves with any conspiracy involving attempts to influence government and public policy – in other words conspiracy beyond the routine day to day networking and conniving that we see in both politics and business, especially corporate business and even more especially corporate business as it relates to obtaining contracts for government projects and services.

    But one thing that is missing here is that the author should have covered all the bases by differentiating types and characterizing a full range of conspiracies, giving due consideration to the well-established practice of CYA – “cover the Agency”, “cover the Bureau” or the ever popular and endemic “cover your ass”. After all, CYA by itself is endemic to the human condition but often presents us conspiracy research types with the challenge of separating conspiracies of commission with conspiracies of omission. In the culminating discussion of the book and in the tables that end it, this issue is not really discerned or dealt with. Neither is the related issue of media complicity in order to further the cover-up.

    Early in the introduction, deHaven-Smith captured my sympathies by espousing the legitimacy of conspiracy investigation and coming down hard on the position taken by Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule in their highly negative law journal article on conspiracy theories in general. One can only wonder if those two considered that their proposals to influence popular conspiracy theories through options such as public information campaigns, censorship and fines for internet service providers hosting conspiracy web sites actually fueled the very phenomena they were writing about – suspicion of omniscient government conspiracy against the public. After all, Sustein had himself been appointed to head the Obama Administration’s Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Talk about self-fulfilling prophecy, talk about shooting yourself in the foot. Sort of reminds me of the title of a country song – “What was I thinking?” Didn’t Sustein and Vermeule ever consider the alternatives of “fact checking” or hear about Snopes – did they feel they had to jump directly to suppression of inquiry? Smith gives the pair his full attention and gained my moral support with his remarks.

    The introduction kept my attention and raised my interest as the author moved on to present his concept of SCAD / State Crime against Democracy, a construct referring to “an attack from within on a political system’s organizing principals”. He positions SCAD as a “high crime”, committed against the people’s liberties and in the category of treason. Continuing in that vein he also differentiates it from political crimes such as Watergate or Iran-Contra and gives the alternative definition of SCAD as “state criminality” and “elite crime.” At that point I began to wonder if SCAD was really all that different from Peter Dale Scott’s “deep politics” which might also produce what could be called elitist or at least “establishment” conspiracies. But I found no reference to either Scott or his extensive writing on the subject in this book.

    And at that point in the introduction I have to admit to doing a bit of a double take as deHaven-Smith introduces the contention that America’s entire cultural attitude toward conspiracy has not just evolved from the general attitude of skepticism expressed by the countries’ founding fathers but that the reversal in attitude has been intentionally and carefully managed, “planned and orchestrated by the government itself” beginning shortly after the Second World War. He continues that theme by noting that he has found commonalities in multiple contemporary SCAD’s related to “targets, timing, tactics and policy consequences” and that the patterns associated with the SCAD’s suggest that they originate with “military and military-industrial interests which have the intent of fomenting social panic, encouraging militarism and wars.”

    At this point it began to dawn on me that this book was not going to be exactly what I had anticipated. That the author was setting himself a high bar, writing not only about the study of conspiracy and the cultural milieu for conspiracy theory in America but offering his own perceptions of the evolution of a large scale, ongoing elitist conspiracy not only to undermine the perception of conspiracies, but to conduct a series of ongoing and associated State Crimes Against Democracy. What I thought was going to be a book focused on the theory of conspiracy and the academic and media bashing of conspiracy proponents in modern day America now was evolving into a full-fledged conspiracy book in and of itself: an American version of Jonathan Vankin’s books on the subject.

    The book most definitely does have its academic side, indeed the author begins with a chapter titled “The American Tradition of Conspiracy Belief”, which I found to be a very interesting historical study. He continues that contextual development with a chapter on “Conspiracy Denial in the Social Studies”, examining the evolution of historical perceptions of the nature and presence of conspiracy in governmental and political affairs, very interesting to me as a history buff. This kind of intellectual history on Strauss and Popper is exactly the sort of material I would have anticipated from the title, and I found it quite educational. In concluding those chapters he does maintain the elite conspiracy theme of the book by introducing the “possibility” that American militarists have been organizing and maintaining a series of SCAD’s which could involve “political assassination, false flag terrorism, election theft, military provocation and contrived economic crisis”.

    Continuing the dual concept of a “conspiracy theory conspiracy” and the existence of a series of State Crimes against Democracy, the next chapter explores the manner in which such an ongoing SCAD conspiracy could indeed protect itself with an associated effort to essentially gut the basic American skepticism and critical facility, a conspiracy to neutralize conspiracy theory. In addressing that idea, the author goes into considerable detail on the CIA’s effort to neutralize critics of the Warren Commission and to undermine any popular emergence of a public concept of conspiracy in the murder of President Kennedy. This is an area familiar to many students of the JFK crime, however the book’s overview is well structured and will probably be a surprise to many readers. One issue with this chapter is that it also evolves into a limited case for conspiracy in the JFK assassination and along with the authors’ other discussion of the Kennedy assassination has to be relatively superficial due to space limitations. It also introduces some points which are perhaps not the strongest that could be made in regard to a conspiracy of commission in that crime.

    At that point the book moves into Chapter 5, some 130 pages into the core of the 202 page book. It is there that deHaven-Smith fully introduces the construct of the conceptualization (both his words, not mine) which he designates as State Crimes against Democracy. His initial presentation of the concept is academic, some of which I personally found interesting and some of which I’m not sure I followed. As an example he seems to find it very important that the aerial images of the buildings during the 9/11 attack were not publically aired for over eight years, citing an article on that in the New York Times. However he notes that while the authors of the article clearly believe that to be quite significant they themselves make no effort to present what that might explain about the attack on the World Trade Center, and deHaven Smith himself notes that the article simply “flirts with dark suspicions.” In the chapter, examples of suspected SCAD’s are addressed, ranging from tainted elections to political assassinations and both policy consequences and possible Modus Operandi of SCAD’s, including “Linguistic Thought Control” are discussed.

    Perhaps most importantly the SCAD chapter goes much further than simply examining the possibility of SCAD and potential indicators or “finger prints” of such conspiracies; it associates multiple events, characterizes categories and projects trends. Based on that analysis, the author concludes by painting a picture of an organized and ongoing series of elite/militarist organized SCAD’s being conducted against the American public. To emphasize his position, he specifically discusses trends in regard to mass deception regarding defense related information and assassinations, before and following the Second World War. While much of this dialog will seem familiar to conspiracy oriented readers, it is presented with an aura of scientific support and it certainly seems that the author is going beyond simple hypothesis and theory to advocating a conclusion that there has been an elite conspiracy involved in both commission and obfuscation of “high crimes” against the American public.

    Now in the interest of transparency, most people who know my work and my opinions are very much aware that I have a problem with grand conspiracies which contain extended linkages, maintained over decades. Those who share that view may be less enthusiastic about this book, those who follow grand conspiracy lines of thought will find it extremely interesting and reinforcing. But there is one issue that I would be remiss in not noting. It appears to me that a great deal of the authors’ analysis is based on his categorization and trending of the events that he classifies as SCAD’s; those are illustrated in tables 5.1 and 5.2 in the book. I love tables, they can be really fulfilling after you spend years of digging and research and I believe they are often excellent tools at disclosing patterns. But being a conspiracy researcher and skeptic myself, my first inclination is to want to paw through the data in the tables – but then I also love end notes, what can I say.

    Table 5.1 is a chart of the modus operandi of U.S. SCADs and suspected SCADs – so naturally I want to see a list of what those are and how the author integrates them by category. With kudos to deHaven-Smith, Table 5.1 is broken down at the end of the book, with the title “Crimes against American democracy committed or allegedly committee by elements of the U.S. government”. The table includes events beginning in 1798 and extending to 2004 and I assume it to be the source material for the overall analysis and trending of SCAD’s discussed in what seems to be the key chapter of the book, Chapter 5. Table 5.1 discusses perpetrator motives, policy implications, identifies the suspected or confirmed perpetrator and then gives remarks on “degree of confirmation of government role” for each suspected SCAD. It also gives a confidence ranking for each – low, medium, and high. I did not find any specific set of criteria for making such rankings; however each incident is referenced to the source book and author from which it was taken.

    The problem here is that none of the listed SCAD’s is really analyzed in extended detail in the book and some of them are described as circumstantial even in the table. Several are listed as low in confirmation and some as medium. Of some 27 subjectively ranked, only 14 are listed as of a high confidence level. Included among the high rankings are the Sedition Act of 1798, the Lincoln assassination, the election of 1876, the McCarthy anti-Communist campaign, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, the Ellsburg burglary, October Surprise, Watergate, Iran-Contra (which I thought had been designated a political conspiracy not a SCAD in the Introduction?), the 2000 Presidential election, the post 9/11 Anthrax attacks, Iraq-Gate, the False Terror Alerts of 2004 and the 2004 election.

    The issue then is that the tables and trend analysis, as well as the overall theme of an ongoing elitist conspiracy against democracy and the American public seems to rest to a great extent on the data and evaluations of the incidents selected as SCAD examples. Certainly the reader will make their own call on the author’s premise and conclusions but in doing so it would be well advised to spend time considering the data sets which are used to support them. In sum, deHaven-Smith should have written either a shorter, or a much larger book.

    (with James DiEugenio)

  • H. P. Albarelli Jr., A Secret Order: Investigating the High Strangeness and Synchronicity in the JFK Assassination


    I. Introduction

    H. P. Albarelli Jr., is a writer and investigative journalist who has written among others, the highly praised book, A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments. There, he examined the involvement of CIA, FBI and Federal Bureau of Narcotics agents in the CIA mind control experiments between the 50s and 70s, widely known as the MK/ULTRA program.

    With that in mind, I was looking forward to reading his new book, A Secret Order: Investigating the High Strangeness and Synchronicity in the JFK Assassination. The description offered on the book’s back cover promises to reveal “amazingly fresh insights into alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald and his much ignored sojourn in New York City, as well as unique and mesmerizing portraits of many of the overlooked characters surrounding the assassination … revelations about Lee Harvey Oswald’s time in Mexico City are intriguing and further explain what actually occurred there. Also revelatory is the author’s astounding information on the nexus between behavior modification and assassinations.

    Michael Petro’s Foreword provides us with a clue as to what to expect from this book. “A Secret Order … is an exploration of the many curious scraps of information the author compiled while building his compelling case against our Government in the murder of its own (A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA’s Secret Cold War Experiments) … many of the characters involved in Olson’s murder had shockingly close connections with the events of November 22, 1963 (p. 2). I had a feeling that the MK/ULTRA nexus would be a recurrent theme of this book. And I was right.

    The book consists of eleven chapters in the form of essays that deal with topics that are not necessarily connected to each other. Chapter one tries to shed light into the time that Oswald spent in NY City as a kid along with his mother. Chapter two examines the case of Rose Cheramie, who had fore knowledge of the assassination. Chapter three tells the strange encounter of Adele Edisen with a Doctor named Jose Rivera who seemed to have an uncanny knowledge about Lee Harvey Oswald and the assassination long before it happened. Chapter four narrates the strange tale of an obscure character that is hardly mentioned when discussing the assassination, Dimitre Dimitrov, a Bulgarian who claimed to know who had ordered and committed the assassination. Chapter five deals with Oswald’s return home from the USSR and another Bulgarian, Spas Raikin, who assisted Oswald and his wife. Chapter six moves forward to a different theme, the life and times of the infamous CIA officer, David Sanchez Morales. Chapter seven presents the conviction of a certain Dale E. Basye that Oswald was a psychologically disturbed man who had been placed under hypnotic control by Russian intelligence. Chapter eight examines Oswald’s connections with Cuba and the Fair Play for Cuba Committee (FPCC), the strange multiple Oswald sightings and the life of Thomas Eli Davis III, a soldier of fortune that have used the alias “Oswald.” Chapter nine refers to the bizarre diary of Eric Ritzek, a hypnotist who allegedly controlled and directed Oswald to murder John Kennedy. Chapter ten examines the story of Charles Thomas, a State Department employee who investigated the Oswald visit in Mexico and Elena Garro’s allegations regarding the Duran party and Oswald’s presence in that party. Finally, Chapter eleven attempts to shed light to the mysterious life of the beautiful June Cobb, a CIA asset, and her connection to Oswald and the JFK assassination. This last chapter ends with the story of an American bullfighter in Mexico, who is convinced that he met Oswald there in late September 1963. The bullfighter is Robert Buick and the story is not told completely in the first volume. The author of the book informs us that its conclusion will be revealed in more detail in Volume Two of this book. Although it’s hard to believe that Albarelli does not know that Buick has a web site and has also written a book on the subject.

    I understand that the book was too long. After their first experience with Albarelli, the publishers have decided to split this one into two volumes to keep each volume below five hundred pages. I believe they made a mistake. They have not concluded the Mexico incident in the first volume, so we’ll have to wait for volume Two. It would have been better if they had dealt completely with the Mexico incident in either the first or the second volume. It is difficult to judge its author’s views about the alleged Oswald visit to Mexico if they are not presented on their totality. Volume Two promises more revelations about George Hunter White, the FBN and CIA officer who was involved in MK/ULTRA and the CIA killer with the code name QJ/WIN.

    Volume I, ends with a list of end notes and this is where I will have to disagree with both the author and the publisher regarding their format. Strangely enough, the notes are not numbered, so it is very difficult to follow them. One has to go back in the respective chapter and try to read it carefully to find out what a particular note is referring to. The process is tiresome and confusing, and after a while I gave up trying to match a note to the main body of the book. I really cannot understand why an experienced writer like Albarelli did not go the extra length to number his notes.

    Looking through the chapter six notes, one cannot fail to meet the name of Gerry Patrick Hemming. One could also justifiably ask why Albarelli would trust Hemming for anything valuable, since he was a man who had a reputation as a disinformation agent. And this was from the respected and incorruptible Gaeton Fonzi. It is a mistake that other authors have made in the past, most notably Noel Twyman.

    Having discussed in summary the contents of the book it is time to proceed now to analyze the main body of the book.

    II. MK/ULTRA and the JFK Assassination

    Several authors have discussed the fact that, in the early fifties, Lee and his mother Marguerite visited New York City and stayed awhile with Lee’s stepbrother John Pic e.g. Jim DiEugenio, John Armstrong. Well Albarelli does this too. Except he very quickly introduces a topic they did not. It’s a leftover from his last 900 page book: Project MK/Ultra. Marguerite Oswald worked at Lerners Dress Shop at 45 East and 42nd Street. Albarelli notes that it is interesting that Albertine Hunter – George Hunter’s wife – shopped at Lerners and had friends there. Then Marguerite left Lerners and “went to work for Martin’s Department store in Brooklyn, a very short walk from where Albertine worked. Again we find that Albertine had close friends who worked at Martin’s.” (p. 14-15). It is my understanding that Albarelli continuous his efforts to somehow implicate Oswald with George Hunter White and the MK/ULTRA program.

    Albarelli then moves on to examine another familiar topic: Oswald’s truancy problem at school in New York City. Young Oswald did not seem to enjoy school in the Big Apple and he missed 75 days in a 12 month period. As a result Oswald was sent to Youth House in Manhattan where he was placed under psychiatric observation for three weeks, from April 16 to May 7, 1953 (p.17). Two of the psychiatrists that examined Oswald were Dr. Renatus Hartogs and Dr. Milton Kurian. John Armstrong wrote in his book Harvey and Lee that each doctor gave a different description of young Oswald. And he also concluded that there were two Oswald who lived parallel at the same time: one, Lee Oswald, an American and Harvey Oswald of Hungarian descent.

    Dr. Kurian concluded that “the youngster was withdrawn from the real world and responded to outside pressures to a degree necessary to avoid disturbance of his residence in a fantasy world. Kurian would later say that he felt Oswald was “mentally ill” and should have been hospitalized in a facility for children.” (p. 18-19).

    Dr. Renatus Hartogs told the court after examining Oswald that he “has superior mental resources and functions only slightly below his capacity level in spite of chronic truancy from school … no findings of neurological impairment or psychotic mental changes could be made” and he recommended that the boy needed a child guidance clinic to treat his psychological disturbances due to poor family life. (p. 21). However the same doctor changed his diagnosis in front of the Warren Commission and he said that “he found him to have definite traits of dangerousness. In other words, this child had a potential for explosive, aggressive, assaultive acting out” (p. 20-21).

    It is fairly clear that both doctors were instructed by the FBI to change their diagnosis to make it seem that Oswald was falling within the profile of the lone nut assassin. The question that is then raised is: Why did the two doctors, who, according to the author had probable MK/ULTRA connections, did not conclude in the first place that Oswald was a dangerous psychotic. Why is there the suggestion that others had to intervene after the JFK assassination to make them change their statements about Oswald’s mental condition? Albarelli then goes into details about Dr. Hartogs and his dispute with a former patient of his, Julie Roy who claimed that the good doctor had mentally and physically abused her. Again, this was written about back in 1975 in Time. Then a book was published in 1977 called Betrayal after Roy successfully sued Hartogs. No matter how interesting this may be to someone who is not aware of it, I cannot see it as being very relevant to the JFK assassination.

    Does Albarelli believe that Oswald was a victim of the MK/ULTRA experiments that eventually turned him into an assassin who killed President Kennedy? He notes that he is not easily given to wild speculation and conspiracy theories. And to begin with, it was not his intention to conclude the above scenario. However, after learning that the CIA and the U.S. Army had conducted behavioral modification experiments on children, he no longer considers such speculation to be outside the realm of possibility. (pgs. 35-36). He states that “While there remains little direct evidence that Oswald was some sort of programmed assassin or covert operative, there certainly are enough circumstantial facts that nudge this possibility into areas for serious consideration” (p. 36).

    I would agree with him that he was not a programmed assassin, although if one accepts John Armstrong’s thesis about the existence of two Oswald, then we can conclude that Lee was a possible assassin and Harvey the patsy. I certainly would not agree with him that there is not evidence that Oswald was a covert operative. If one reads John Newman’s Oswald and the CIA, DiEugenio’s second edition of Destiny Betrayed and The Assassinations. George Michael Evica’s A Certain Arrogance, Peter Scott’s Deep Politics I and II, and Bill Simpich’s essays “The Twelve Who Made the Oswald Legend”, among other respected authors, most would definitely conclude that Oswald was very likely a CIA agent provocateur and/or informant of the FBI. It was not MK/ULTRA or George Hunter White that sent Oswald to Soviet Union. White did not send him into New Orleans and Mexico, nor did he place him in the TSBD. But we have plenty of evidence that CIA officials and assets like E.H. Hunt, David Phillips, James Angleton and J. Walton Moore were those who orchestrated Oswald’s intelligence moves and then helped place him above the President’s route with the help of Ruth Paine. For instance, we know that Phillips was trying to infiltrate the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and planning operations against the organization since 1961. And we now know that Angleton, Phillips and Anne Goodpasture helped organize the Mexico City charade. Not the MK/ULTRA gang.

    The author provides the useful information that Atsugi in Japan was one of two U.S. bases abroad at which the CIA kept LSD supplies. Even if Oswald came in contact in some way with the MK/ULTRA program, we do not now know the how and why of it. Or how it figures in the JFK murder. This writer happens to think that Oswald was selected as a youth to participate in the false defectors program to the USSR, and he was prepared for such task linguistically. Could he have been given LSD to train him to get used to interrogation by the Soviets if get caught or to conceal his cover? Maybe, maybe not. But the evidence adduced today strongly indicates that Oswald was some kind of covert operative who was then framed as a patsy, rather than being a Manchurian candidate a la Sirhan Bishara Sirhan.

    III. Oswald the Manchurian Candidate?

    But in spite of the above, a question that is repeatedly asked through the book is whether Lee Harvey Oswald was a Manchurian Candidate. For those unfamiliar with the term, Albarelli provides the answer in Chapter One: ” … The Manchurian Candidate – published in 1959 by author Richard Condon, and released as a major feature film in 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis … Sergeant Shaw is an unwitting sleeper agent and hypnosis induced assassin who had been brainwashed by the communists during the Korean War to murder the U.S. President … Buried deep within the consciousness of Sergeant Raymond Shaw is the mechanism of an assassin – a time bomb ticking towards explosion, controlled by the delicate skill of its communist masters … Raymond has been successfully brainwashed. His subconscious mind is controlled by a man in Red China who has primed him to become a deadly instrument of destruction.” (pgs. 62-63).

    Well, Albarelli sees an interesting connection between Oswald and the fictional character of Raymond Shaw. When Oswald was in Russia he used to attend his favorite Tchaikovsky opera, titled The Queen of Spades. In fact, Oswald on his 22nd birthday – while in the Soviet Union – spent that day alone at the opera watching his favorite it. The opera theme is about a man who wanted to perform a heroic act, so to impress a woman that did not respond to his love. Oswald wrote on his diary “I am ready right now to perform a heroic deed of unprecedented prowess for your sake” (p. 62). Similarly, Raymond Shaw was triggered by a playing card, the Queen of Diamonds which energized his assassin persona to take over him.

    Is this evidence that Oswald was triggered by this particular opera to become an assassin to win a woman’s heart? Of course not, this relation between fiction and life is simplistic. I cannot see a connection. Especially if one thinks as most of us do that Oswald the defector never fired a shot at anyone the day of the Kennedy assassination.

    In Chapter Seven, the relationship between Oswald and a Manchurian Candidate is examined even further thanks to the untimely wisdom of Dale E. Basye. This is an obscure character that Albarelli stumbled upon by accident. A friend of his suggested to him that he should buy children books for his grandson Dylan, written by someone that Abarelli was not familiar with. The author was named, Dale E. Basye Jr. The same day Albarelli was shocked to see the same name in an FBI document about Oswald, dated 12/24/1963. Later he realized that this man must have been the father of the book writer.

    Mr. Basye, a newsman, was convinced that “Lee Harvey Oswald was possibly a psychologically disturbed man who had been placed under hypnotic control by Russian intelligence experts” (p. 270). Basye asked a series of questions about Oswald as a programmed assassin that parallel the behavioral pattern of Raymond Shaw, in the novel and movie, The Manchurian Candidate. Basye asks whether Oswald was brainwashed by the Soviets, if he had been given a post-hypnotic suggestion to shoot the President that will be triggered by Soviet agents acting undercover in the U.S. and whether Oswald was under hypnosis when he shot the President.

    Basye argued that Oswald was a perfect Manchurian Candidate since he had defected to USSR, had renounced his citizenship and had a deep hatred for authority. Basye also had knowledge of Oswald’s youth in New York City where he had demonstrated that he was “a psychologically disturbed young man, an ideal subject for mind control” (p. 271).

    Basye believed that Oswald did not have an escape plan and was destined to die resisting arrest as his Russians controllers had planned so he would not be captured alive and subjected to psychological tests. If the gun that Oswald drew inside the theater has not misfired, then the policemen would have killed him on sight. He even theorized that when Oswald shouted “it’s all over”, well it was a post-hypnotic suggestion to make him forget his crimes. That was the reason he denied that he had shot the President and a policeman. And since Oswald was in Mexico in September it was possible that the hypnotic suggestion was given to him when visited the Cuban embassy (?)

    Basye speculated that the Russians had planned to kill JFK because they thought that the next President would oppose the Soviets less, or the assassination would become a warning that the Russians can murder any U.S. President. Finally he asks if both JFK and LBJ were targeted to paralyze the U.S. before the Russians attacked. And since LBJ and Connally looked similar Oswald made a mistake and shot Connally.

    He questions why the Russians permitted Oswald to work in a Soviet factory, marry a Russian girl and allow him to take her with him back to U.S. if he was an American agent? Was Marina the person who was to trigger the post-hypnotic suggestion?

    Basye sent a summary of his questions to a psychiatrist, Dr. Erickson, to advise him if Oswald could have been a Manchurian Candidate; and if drugs could have been used to induce a hypnotic state. Dr. Erickson wrote back to Basye saying that he as an expert in hypnosis, disagreed completely with his theory and that The Manchurian Candidate, both the book and movie were complete nonsense.

    Albarelli points out that Dr. Erickson forgot to mention in his reply that he was a long-time CIA consultant on hypnosis, and that the agency was trying hard to create Manchurian Candidates based on hypnosis experiments. Dr. Erickson had experimented in hypnosis back in 1939, long before he worked with the CIA. In other words Dr. Erickson was lying to Basye when he assured him that mind control, hypnosis induced assassins and Manchurian Candidates were fiction.

    If all that rather desultory stuff – the Russians killed Kennedy? – isn’t enough for you, the search for Oswald as a Manchurian Candidate continues on in Chapter Nine. Here we are treated to the bizarre diary of Eric Ritzek, a self-proclaimed great hypnotist, who called himself “the master craftsman.” The diary was found in August of 1964, at the ticket counter of the Continental Trailways bus station in LA. The FBI and the CIA received copies of this strange diary. The CIA labeled the diary: “Alleged Diary of ERIC RITZEK reflecting he caused Lee Harvey Oswald to Commit Assassination and Oswald’s Subsequent Murder by Jack L. Ruby by Hypnosis” (p. 327).

    According to the diary, Eric Ritzek and his friend Charles (surname unknown), were studying political science and human psychology at a college in some undisclosed foreign country. An FBI memorandum noted that “As of September 10, 1963, the alleged diary indicates that Eric Ritzek and Charles obtained visas to the United States and Mexico. An entry on September 11, 1963, indicated that the goal of Eric Ritzek and Charles was to kill President Kennedy” (p. 328).

    Eric claimed that Charles received money from someone in Texas but Charles refused to name that person. He continued that they traveled to New Orleans to meet a Lee Harvey Oswald and that they worked with him for a week. On September 26, he claimed they were on a bus to Mexico and that Oswald was on the very same bus. On September 29 he described Oswald: “I find Lee Harvey Oswald an intelligent person. Surely, hateful and at odds with the Universe … his thoughts are confused. I will put them in order to my satisfaction. The American President will die in Dallas, Texas … he has no choice, I am his master, the skilled craftsman … a glorious Frankenstein monster I have created” (p. 329-330).

    “The Master Craftsman” and Charles returned to the U.S.A. via Laredo by bus. And the story is that they received $100,000 in cash by the same unnamed benefactor. On November 22nd he writes that they managed to secure a picnic lunch box from their hotel and pretended to eat lunch in the park, sitting in a prearranged vantage point.

    Eric finally described the assassination of President Kennedy by Oswald. He worries because Oswald was captured alive, something that was not supposed to happen. So, quite naturally, for that reason they picked a random club owner who happened to be Jack Ruby and they hypnotized him to kill Oswald.

    Albarelli concludes that Ritzek’s diary is the product of a confused and bizarre mind and wonders why it was written. One of the copies of the diary that Albarrelli obtained had a hand written note on its second page that read: “Ritzek-Albert Schweitzer College, Switzerland, enrolled/files” (p. 328). Albarrelli notes that he does not want to cloud or complicate matters by pointing this reference to the Albert Schweitzer College. However any serious student of the JFK assassination will be alarmed by the very name of the college, since it was the college that Oswald applied on March 1959 to enroll and attend the college’s third term, from April 12 to June 27, 1960. Oswald never appeared at the college and instead traveled to Moscow to defect and tried to denounce his American citizenship. (A Certain Arrogance, Evica, Essay One). Oswald’s mother told the FBI that, while her son was en route to Switzerland, he had his birth certificate with him. Oswald was temporarily missing according to her, and FBI Director Hoover wrote to the State Department that “an impostor might be using Oswald’s birth certificate.”

    We do not have proof that Ritzek and Charles were studying at the Albert Schweitzer College, but it is possible, since they were attending a college in a foreign country, and the name of that particular college was written on the second page of a copy of the diary. If not, then why was the above mentioned college written on the diary?

    The problem is: Where is the evidence, let alone proof, that any of this happened? Namely that the financial transaction was genuine, that Oswald was hypnotized, and that Ruby was hypnotized then to kill Oswald. And further that Ritzek was actually aware of the plot as it occurred?

    Most researchers would agree that James Jesus Angleton, the CIA’s Counter-Intelligence Chief was a great promoter of what is termed, Phase I stories, namely that the Soviets had kill President Kennedy. Most of them will also agree that Angleton was involved in on the conspiracy to kill JFK, as John Newman and Lisa Pease have demonstrated. Angleton was the man who invented the term a “Wilderness of Mirrors” in the spy operations. Meaning that anything is possible but nothing is certain. Conflicting evidence creates a cognitive dissonance that confuses and frustrates researchers, until they are forced to give up. After reading all of this, I am of the opinion that Oswald’s portrayal as a Manchurian Candidate, Basye’s conviction that Oswald was controlled by Soviet agents and the bizarre diary of Eric Ritzek were part of a Wilderness of Mirrors operation to impose cognitive dissonance and obfuscate the truth. Eric Ritzek was labeling himself as a master craftsman, a title that is usually referring to Masons. Could it be possible that the writer of the diary was implying that Masons have committed the murder and this was another try to falsely sponsor Masonry in order to confuse matters and create false leads?

    In other words, I cannot see how the Manchurian Candidate angle and mind programmed assassins had anything to do with the JFK assassination. And the best I can say, giving the author every benefit of every doubt, is that their role has been exaggerated with no real proof of involvement in the assassination for the purpose of confusing matters even more.

    IV. Oswald, Cuba & Mexico

    Oswald’s possible connection to Cuba is first documented by examining the four letters sent to Dallas from Cuba by Cuban nationals with names Pedro Charles, Mario del Rosario Molina and Miguel Galban Lopez. All letters were written to show that the Cubans were conspiring with Oswald prior to the assassination to kill the American President. All four letters were dismissed by Hoover because “they were prepared on the same typewriter … and all four letters represent some type of hoax, possibly on the part of some Anti-Castro group seeking to discredit the Cuban Government” (p. 292). Albarelli concludes that although the letters were dismissed, their existence fueled many disputes between the members of the Warren Commission, as to whether Oswald had any ties to Cuba and if he had traveled there.

    A deeper and more detailed analysis of the letters can be found on Fabian Escalante’s book JFK: The Cuba Files and specifically the chapter titled “Oswald and the Cuban Secret Service” (pgs. 134-145). Escalante was the former head of Cuban counterintelligence and believed that the letters constituted “a crude attempt to blame Castro.” Escalante continues that “If Oswald had managed to travel to Cuba, then the fabricated letters might have become concrete evidence … The letters are irrefutable evidence of a plan of incrimination prior to the crime … the conspirators hoped to provoke a response against Cuba … the letters were fabricated before the assassination occurred and by somebody who was aware of the development of the plot, who could ensure that they arrived at the opportune moment and who had a clandestine base in Cuba from which to undertake action.”

    These letters were also part of the phase I stories that had the purpose to implicate Cuba and Castro in the assassination and push the U.S. government to invade Cuba as a retaliation. These would be cancelled by the Phase II stories of the lone nut.

    There were CIA reports in June 1964 warning that Lee Harvey Oswald was seen in Tangier, Morocco during 1962 and 1963. A soldier of fortune and gunrunner by the name Thomas Eli Davis III was connected to Oswald, when the CIA reported that “Davis often used the alias “Oswald,” and was a gunrunner who reportedly had close ties to the infamous CIA assassin QJ/WIN” (p. 307-308). On December 9, 1963 the U.S. Consulate in Tangiers sent a priority cable to Dean Rusk, the CIA and ONI regarding Thomas Eli Davis who was arrested a day before trying to sell two Walter pistols and having in his possession an unsigned letter in his handwriting referring to “Oswald” and the JFK assassination. According to Seth Kantor, “Thomas Davis was released from his Tangier jail cell through the intervention and assistance of the mysterious CIA contract assassin known only by his Agency cryptonym QJ/WIN. A U.S. State Department declassified letter stated that the draft letter referred only to “Oswald” and to Lee Harvey Oswald. The December 30, 1963 State Department cable informed that the Davis letter contained a short sentence that read “I’ve seen Oswald” and the phrase, this the first Sunday AK (after Kennedy). According to the cable “Oswald” was Victor Oswald, a Swiss born international weapons trafficker (p. 318).

    The most important information about Davis is, according to his wife, he was using the alias “Oswald” and he was involved with Jack Ruby in gunrunning activities. It is of no surprise when a panicked Ruby in jail said “They are going to find about Cuba, the guns, New Orleans and everything.” It is interesting to note that Oswald had a mysterious listing in his address book, that of “1318½ Garfield, Norman Oklahoma.” Strangely enough, two infamous characters also lived briefly in Norman, Oklahoma before the JFK assassination, Thomas Davis and Loran Hall. People who knew Davis said that he and Hall were conducting gunrunning operations with Jack Ruby in 1962-1963 (pgs. 87-88). Another person who was reportedly seen at that address was an African-American with reddish hair. Anyone who is familiar with the Mexico incident will know that Alvarado saw a similar featured person outside the Cuban embassy paying Oswald $6,500 to kill Kennedy. According to Albarelli, another person involved in the JFK case that lived at that address was Paul Gregory, son of Peter Gregory. Peter was a Russian petroleum engineer who taught Russian and who was once approached by Oswald for assistance in obtaining employment. Paul Gregory had taken Russian lessons from Marina Oswald. What Albarelli does not include in his book is that Peter Gregory and Ilya Mamantov were chosen to translate Marina’s testimony about her husband’s rifle. Gregory distorted Marina’s answers that her husband owned a dark rifle, something she never said. Why was this detail significant? Because after the assassination there were allegations that JFK was killed by a dark rifle which Oswald had used earlier in the Soviet Union. All this can be found in Peter Dale Scott’s book Deep Politics I, chapter 17, p. 267-272).”

    Another interesting fact is that Davis knew Jean Pierre Laffite who, according to Albarelli’s previous book, was one of Frank Olson’s killers. Laffite also allegedly worked for Clay Shaw in the Trade Mart. Not surprisingly, the MK/ULTRA theme is appearing again since Albarelli connects Davis to the program through his psychiatric treatment in facilities related to MK/ULTRA. One has to read Philip Melanson’s article on the Third Decade, titled Dallas Mosaic: The Cops, the Cubans and the Company to find an Oklahoma connection. On pages 8-9 Melanson says that the leader of the Dallas Alpha-66 branch was one Manuel Rodriguez who was known to be “violently anti-President Kennedy” … he also bore a strong resemblance to Lee Harvey Oswald … After the assassination the FBI received a report that “Oswald” had been in Oklahoma on November 17th. Upon investigation, the Bureau discovered that the Oklahoma witnesses had seen Rodriguez.” Melanson does not name which city in Oklahoma “Oswald” visited, but it shows that the multiple sightings of Oswald were not a definitive proof that he has been where they claimed they had seen him.

    Albarelli is trying to shed light to Oswald’s visit to Mexico by examining 1.) Elena Garro’s allegations, a mysterious woman 2.) CIA asset June Cobb and 3.) Robert Buick, an American bullfighter, who lived in Mexico City during 1963.

    This is where I started to have serious objections to Albarelli’s work. Regarding the presence of Oswald in Mexico, he opens Chapter 10 with a small introduction (p. 341) where he states his belief that Oswald traveled to Mexico City and stayed there for 5 days. He acknowledges that many conspiracy theorists believe that Oswald was never in Mexico City. I know many good researchers who will be offended by the demeaning term “conspiracy theorist”, and do not consider themselves to be as such. I am surprised that Albarelli uses the above term to label other researchers who have done much more work on this case and Mexico City than he has. It was arrogant and disrespectful to do so. Especially since elsewhere Albarelli has said he “detests” infighting among authors. But somehow this kind of thing by him is OK?

    Anyway, Albarelli is absolutely certain that Oswald was in Mexico. He even presents the Elena Garro story as a proof to further support his view. He states “Additionally, those writers who discount, or write off, the claims of Elena Garro are simply ill-informed, meaning they have not examined the full record, as well as all its complexities, or perhaps they hold biased agendas of their own” (p. 341). Really? That is a bold statement since respectful writers like John Newman, Peter Scott and John Armstrong would not fit the category of the ill-informed. Further, was Eddie Lopez, the man who wrote the incredible Mexico City report ill-informed also? In an interview with Jim DiEugenio at his home in Rochester, New York, Lopez told Jim that he thought he spent too much time tracking down Elena Garro’s stories and if he had to do it again, he would not have spent nearly that much time. We will presently see why. Suffice it to say, to affirm that Oswald was definitely in Mexico City one would need a chart balancing all the evidence he was there, against all the evidence he was not. As we shall see, most researchers would state that Buick and Garro don’t really count for much in the balancing act.

    Chapter 10 examines the life and death of Charles Thomas, a State Department employee who wrote to the U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers on July 25, 1969 regarding the allegations of Elena Garro Paz, a famous Mexican novelist, that she had attended a party at the house of Ruben and Silvia Duran where she met Lee Harvey Oswald. According to Garro, present at the party were also Cuban Consul Azcue and a Latin American Negro man with red hair. She also stated that Oswald was accompanied by two American beatnik-looking boys. We all know who Silvia Duran was, a secretary at the Cuban Consulate that came in contact with Oswald. After the assassination, she was arrested by the Mexican Intelligence Service, DFS who tortured her to admit that she have met Oswald and they were both part of a communist conspiracy to kill the American President. Well, Garro later alleged that Silvia Duran was Oswald’s mistress while he was in Mexico. Albarelli seems to believe her story that she met Oswald, although he knows that both Garro and Charles Thomas worked for the CIA.

    John Newman in his book Oswald and the CIA gives a detailed analysis of the Garro allegations and he notes that on October 5, 1964, eleven days after the publication of the Warren Commission Report, a CIA memo brought attention to the Elena Garro allegations. The Lopez report identified June Cobb as the author of the October 5 memo. She was a CIA asset. Jefferson Morley discusses Cobb in his book Our Man in Mexico, saying that she was one of David Phillips’ most valuable assets in Mexico City in 1963, who specialized in penetrating the FPCC by romancing its leaders.

    Thomas was not only working for the Branch 4 of the Covert Action Staff, but his previous assignment had been to Haiti, at the same time that George DeMohrenschildt was also there. In the fall of 1969, Thomas became involved in DeMohrenschildt’s business deals with the Haitian government. Thomas was also one of the key players in 1965 to spread the false story that Silvia Duran and Oswald had a sexual affair. Newman concluded that the sex story may have been invented after the Warren Commission investigation to falsely implicate the Cuban government in the Kennedy assassination.

    Peter Scott drew attention to the fact that Elena Garro’s story coincided with that of Alvarado who saw Oswald taking money from a Negro with red hair in the Cuban embassy. Remember that she also saw a Negro with red hair at the twist party with Oswald. Scott concluded that “Garro’s anti-communist story, soon modified, was part of a larger phase I assassination scenario that also incriminated Silvia Duran and Eusebio Azcue…” All phase I scenarios had the purpose of implicating the Cuban government in the assassination of Kennedy. I therefore am of the belief that that Elena Garro’s allegations cannot be taken at face value and certainly do not prove that Oswald was in Mexico as Albarelli want us to believe. To support his case he then presents the story of Robert Buick, the bullfighter who claimed that he met Lee Harvey Oswald in late September of 1963. Buick was in hotel Luma when a young American who introduced himself as Alek Hidell asked if he was a bullfighter and how he could join the bullfighting business.

    Hidell told Buick that he wanted to return to Russia via Cuba. The conversation soon turned over to Cuba and Castro. Hidell accused Kennedy of being responsible for Cuba’s problem since the Bay of Pigs invasion was no friendly gesture toward Cuba and Castro. Hidell announced to Buick that Kennedy would pay for this and the machinery was in motion to kill Kennedy. Hidell explained to him that revolutions do not solve problems and you had to remove the head of a state by assassination and replace him with someone else. On the day of the assassination, Buick recognized Hidell as the alleged assassin of President Kennedy and is convinced that the man pretending to be Hidell was Lee Harvey Oswald. Sadly enough, the book ends at this point and Albarelli promises to reveal the rest of Buick’s story in volume II.

    The Buick story is not new, as Dick Russell first examined his tale in his book The Man Who Knew Too Much. Albarelli writes that “Several prominent conspiracy theorists, best exampled most recently by attorney Mark Lane, staunchly maintain that Oswald was never in Mexico, despite overwhelming evidence that he was there for at least three visits. Lane, of course, is wrong, as any serious student of the assassination knows. Acting to cement his false claims the account of Robert Clayton Buick, who, as chance would have it, met Lee Harvey Oswald in Mexico City in late September 1963, and a note typed by June Cobb in October 1963 (the note bears no specific day-date) and is addressed to “DP”. The note reads: “The day after LO in Comercio, encountered Buick, The American bullfighter, at H. Luma. Warren (Broglie) says Buick is drawing attention there” (p. 418-419).

    This is the second time that Albarelli insults the assassination researchers as “Conspiracy Theorists.” He even makes the statement that “any serious assassination researchers know that Oswald was definitely in Mexico.” Is that a fact? I know many researchers who will disagree with him. Many serious researchers believe that Oswald probably never visited Mexico City. The evidence is ambiguous at best. You could argue both ways but there is no proof to say that he was there. There are no photos of him there, an imposter pretending to be him talked and visited the Cuban and Russian embassies, FBI agents who heard the CIA tapes after the assassination were of the opinion that the voice was not that of Oswald. There were no credible records of his travel in any bus company or the customs offices. Much later suspect evidence surfaced to prove that he was in Mexico, via characters like Ruth Paine and Priscilla Johnson. If one reads the Lopez Report you cannot find any certain evidence to prove that he was there. And further, Azcue, the man Garro testified about produced photos to CBS in the seventies depicting an imposter as Oswald in the Cuban consulate. Should we believe June Cobb, David Phillips’s asset that she saw Oswald with Buick? Why? Especially when there is evidence that it was Phillips who was involved in the arrest of Duran. (See Harvey and Lee by John Armstrong, p. 675)

    Should we take Buick’s story as an absolute truth that Oswald was in Mexico? Of course not. Could it be possible that Buick saw some Oswald imposter or Lee the other Oswald as Armstrong believes? Was this another phase I story to saw that the Cubans were controlling Oswald in order to put the blame for the assassination on Castro? Probably not even that once one visits Buick’s web page. When one reads his page, the reader will see that Buick is one of those characters who can tell you the entire story of the JFK assassination. Replete with the names of John Roselli – who happened to confess to him in 1971. And further, he knows who the guy on the grassy knoll was who killed President Kennedy. It was a guy he talked to all the time named Jimmy Sutton. Go ahead and cringe. Because, reputedly, Sutton is an alias for James Files. But Buick still isn’t done. He knows how many members of the hit team there were and how many shots were fired. And Mac Wallace was firing from the Book Depository. Buick says he knows more than anyone about what happened in Dallas that day. Talk about a conspiracy theorist. Did Albarelli ask him how John Roselli got mixed up with LBJ? (Click here.) As noted, to affirm that Oswald was definitely in Mexico City one would need a chart balancing all the evidence he was there, against all the evidence he was not. Most serious writers would state that Buick and Garro Paz don’t really count for much of anything in the balancing act.

    To be kind, Albarelli’s examination of Oswald’s presence in Mexico City lacks depth, substance and scope. Further, it relies upon some rather questionable sources. There are several other books out there that explain the Mexico City incident much better than the author does. Albarelli does not seem to have consulted them.

    V. Knowledge of the Assassination

    The chapters that deal with Rose Cheramie and Adele Edisen are two of the more interesting chapters in the book. The Cheramie story is well known and I’ll return to it later. On the other hand, Adele Edisen’s story is not widely known and this is the first time that it is presented in a book. Some researchers are aware of her story through personal interaction with Adele on the Deep Politics Forum, where she is a member. I have exchanged posts with her on that forum and I can say that Adele is sincere, and intelligent with a very good knowledge of the JFK assassination. Edisen’s story is about her contact with a U.S. Army doctor, Jose Rivera who knew of Oswald and said to her strange things about him that scared her. Some of his remarks were “What will Jackie do when her husband dies?” and if she knew a lawyer by the name of John Abt, and he asked her if she knew Oswald. Dr. Rivera gave her Oswald’s number and told her to call him and “Tell him to kill the Chief.” Rivera explained that they were playing a little joke on Oswald.

    He also told her “Oswald is not what he seems … we’re going to send him to the library to read about great assassinations in history … after it’s over, he will call Abt to defend him … after it’s all over, the men will be out of the country, but someone will kill Oswald, maybe his best friend … “

    Rivera warned Adele if she repeated any of this to someone else she may get hurt. When Adele returned to New Orleans, she called Oswald and asked him if he knew Dr. Rivera. But he answered that he did not know him. Adele did not tell him to kill the chief. After the assassination Adele informed the Secret Service about Rivera but she was never called by the Warren Commission to testify. Later she tried to contact the Church and HSCA committees, but they never replied back. On July 2011 Adele sent a letter to President Obama regarding Dr. Jose Rivera and her views on the JFK assassination. Who was Jose Rivera? It seems that he had some interesting connections to the CIA and the MK/ULTRA.

    Coming back to Rose Cheramie, I won’t repeat her story since it is well documented in other books, like Bill Davy’s Let Justice be Done and Jim DiEugenio’s second edition of Destiny Betrayed. The main thing is that Cheramie had foreknowledge of the assassination and she was travelling to Dallas with two men who were going to kill Kennedy. Jim Garrison, years later asked State Trooper Lt. Francis Fruge, who had interviewed Cheramie, to locate her. But unfortunately she had been killed in a car accident. Fruge who had interviewed Rose back in 1963 tried to find the identity of her companions. He visited the Silver Slipper Lounge where Rose was seen with the two men. He spoke to its owner Mac Manual who said that Rose had visited his lounge on the November 20, 1963 with two men who he identified as Sergio Arcacha Smith and Emilio Santana. They were Cuban exiles fighting against Castro. They were also associated with the CIA and Arcacha Smith was the leader of Cuban Revolutionary Council, an anti-Castro organization in New Orleans that was created by E.H. Hunt. Now, the Silver Slipper had a reputation as a pick up spot for women of ill repute. And the HSCA report uses the word “pimp” in it on the Cheramie report. Albarelli now uses this word and the reported use of the word “Italian” to try and discount the story. Incredibly, he actually tries to say that 1.) Arcacha Smith had no connection to Oswald, and 2.) Neither Arcacha Smith nor Santana had anything to do with the assassination, and further that 3.) It’s unlikely that Santana and Arcacha Smith knew each other.

    The problem with this is that there are many witnesses who place Sergio Arcacha Smith at Guy Banister’s office in New Orleans. There is indisputable evidence that connects Arcacha Smith to David Ferrie, who was also in Banister’s office in 1963. And there are even more witnesses who place Oswald in that office. (See Chapter 6 of Destiny Betrayed, Second Edition for documentation of all of this.) Further, there is testimony that places Emilio Santana at Ferrie’s apartment several times. And since Arcacha Smith and Ferrie were extremely close – they watched films of the Bay of Pigs invasion together – it would seem quite logical that the two did know each other. (See The Assassinations edited by James DiEugenio and Lisa Pease, pgs. 232, 236)

    But beyond that, Arcacha Smith was a close friend of Carlos Quiroga and Carlos Bringuier. Anyone who knows anything about Oswald in New Orleans in the summer of 1963 understands that Oswald was involved with both men in street incidents which were meant to raise his profile as a Castro sympathizer. These incidents would then be used to incriminate him on the day of the assassination. When Santana was asked by Jim Garrison if Bringuier cashed a check for him to put him up in a New Orleans hotel in the summer of 1963, Santana denied it. The polygraph indicated he was lying. (Ibid, p. 236) When Quiroga was polygraphed by Jim Garrison, the DA asked him if he was aware that Oswald was not really pro-Castro and that his activities that summer were a ruse. Quiroga answered no and the polygraph indicated deceptive criteria. (Destiny Betrayed, p. 162) He was also asked if he knew Arcacha Smith. Quiroga said no, and again the machine indicating he was not telling the truth. Finally, Quiroga was asked if he had seen the weapons used in the Kennedy assassination prior to Dallas. Quiroga said no. The machine again indicated he was not telling the truth. (ibid, p. 329) Now, much of the above intrigue is left out by the author. But he does put one thing in that perfectly jibes with it. Albarelli writes that FBI files on Santana reveal that he “was alleged to own a Mannlicher Carcano rifle like Oswald’s and to have been in Dealey Plaza at time of assassination on orders of … Sergio Arcacha Smith.” (Albarelli, p. 120) It would seem only natural to ask if the rifle Quiroga saw was the one Santana had?

    But further, the author seems to have accepted the HSCA Report on Cheramie in Volume X at face value. This report was written by Patricia Orr. Orr was brought in after Chief Counsel Robert Blakey decided to blow up the original New Orleans investigation. (DiEugenio and Pease, pgs. 85-86) Therefore, when Orr wrote her report she had not done any firsthand inquiry into the matter. For instance, the whole idea that the two men were “Italians” seems caused by the fact that when Fruge testified to the HSCA, he mispronounced Santana as “Osanto”. (ibid, p. 230) Well, Orr did not understand this point since she was not around for the original deposition of Fruge, which was done by Jon Blackmer. Blackmer had corrected this point by having Fruge indicate the actual photos Manual had identified … (ibid) Further, in Orr’s report, she writes that Manual said that the two men were pimps, not that they were Rose’s pimp. But further, Albarelli discounts the fact that the trio was actually involved in a drug deal. And that Fruge then checked out the details of this deal. And the deal was just as Rose Cheramie said it was. Further, Douglas Valentine has confirmed in his book, The Strength of the Wolf, that this route the three were running was protected by the Customs Department with help from the CIA. This was done since President Kennedy was cutting off stipends to the Cuban exile veterans, who were now getting into shipping contraband in order to make up the loss.

    Finally, the author also discounts the evidence that it was not just Fruge who heard this story about the upcoming JFK hit from Cheramie. It was also Dr. Victor Weiss at the hospital in Clinton, Louisiana who heard it directly, and intern Wayne Owen, who heard it indirectly. (Destiny Betrayed, p. 78) But further, in Todd Elliott’s new work on the subject, A Rose by Many other Names, he uncovered a new witness. This was Dr. Louis Pavur of Moosa Hospital, the first place Rose was taken to, and the place where Fruge picked her up from. Pavur said that on the day of the assassination, he was told that Cheramie had predicted this would happen while she was there. (Elliott, p. 14) But further, Pavur said that very soon after this, the FBI came to Moosa and began scouring through records about Cheramie. This testimony was backed up by the widow of L. G. Carrier who was with the Eunice Police Department at the time. Jane Carrier, said that he also recalled the FBI going to Moosa and visiting the police station shortly after the assassination. Further, Jane said her husband actually heard Rose talking about the Kennedy assassination while she was temporarily incarcerated before Fruge picked her up. (ibid, p. 15) So here you have a woman involved in a drug deal with two Cuban exiles. One of whom was likely involved with setting up Oswald in New Orleans, and who may have actually seen the weapons used in the murder. The other may have actually had a similar weapon. And she says she heard them talking about the culmination of this set up. And five people either heard her say it in advance, or were told she did so. Maybe Albarelli thinks this all a coincidence that does not qualify for “high strangeness and synchronicity” in the JFK case?

    Albarelli introduces another interesting character, Dimitre Dimitrov, a Bulgarian emigre who claimed to know who killed President Kennedy and why. He said that he met his killers while imprisoned by the U.S. Government in Panama where he was subjected to torture and was given drugs during interrogation. He revealed that David Sanchez Morales was one of his interrogators and he was very scared of him. He implied that Morales was one of the men involved in the assassination, although he never revealed what he exactly knew and who the actual killers were.

    Albarelli then goes to examine the life and associates of Morales, but this is something that has already been done previously by other researchers and is not ground breaking information. He also discusses people like General Lansdale and Lucien Conein although he sees no evidence that they were involved in the JFK assassination.

    VI. Conclusions

    Although, the writer tried to write a book about the JFK assassination, I found that his book is more about the CIA’s nefarious and illegal operations, including the MK/ULTRA project. If you are interested in learning more about the shadowy world of the CIA, this is a good book. If you are interested in learning more about what happened to JFK and why he was assassinated, I believe there are many books out there that do a better job in answering your questions. It would have been better if Albarelli had tied together all the different bits of information to reach a conclusion. You could argue that he showed that there was high strangeness and synchronicity in the JFK assassination but this can be explained since most of the CIA characters worked together in various projects and it was natural to bump to each other all the time. The wilderness of mirrors strategy and its purpose in spreading cognitive dissonance among researchers, plus the creation of false sponsors and false leads, could explain this synchronicity.

    Albarelli gave a recent radio interview to Joe Quinn and Niall Bradley in July (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCIPqC_7xGU). There he said that he is not interested in solving the JFK assassination and he thought that the case will never be solved. Why then bother to write a book about the JFK assassination? Why did James Douglass bother to write JFK and the Unspeakable and Jim DiEugenio his Destiny Betrayed book? Those are books that do bring us closer to solving the case. Much more than Albarelli’s book does.

    I wish Gaeton Fonzi was alive to ask Albarelli his famous cry: “We know who killed President Kennedy. Why don’t you?”

    Then again, Albarelli is not a conspiracy theorist like the rest of us.